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PYB102 > WEEK 8: Action > Flashcards

WEEK 8: Action Flashcards

1
Q

Cognitivism

A

mental processes such as perception, thinking, memory, learning and problem-solving

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2
Q

the central nervous system

A

consists of the brain and spinal cord and is responsbile for integrating, processing and coordinating sensory data and motor commands

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3
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

includes all the neural tissue outside the CNS

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4
Q

receptors

A

sensory structures that detect changes in the internal or external environment

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5
Q

somatic sensory receptors

A

position, touch, pressure pain and temperature

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6
Q

special sensory receptors

A

provide sensation of smell, taste, vision, balance and hearing

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7
Q

visceral sensory receptors

A

monitor internal organs

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8
Q

the sensory division of the PNS

A

brings infromation to the CNS from receptors in peripheral tissue and organs

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9
Q

information processing includes

A

the integration and distribution of infromation in the CNS

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10
Q

the motor division of hte PNS

A

carries motor commands from the CNS to peripheral tissue and systems

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11
Q

the motor division of hte PNS includes

A

the somatic nervous system (SNS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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12
Q

the somatic nervous system

A

controls skeletal muscle contractions

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13
Q

the autonomic nervous system

A

provides automatic regulation of smooth muscles, cardic muscle, glands and adipose tissue

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14
Q

effectors

A

the target organs whose activities change in response to neural commands

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15
Q

how is the motor system organised?

A

hierarchically organised

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16
Q

how to skeletal muscles work?

A

in pairs of flexors and extendors

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17
Q

how are skeletal muscles attached?

A

tp at least one of the bones by ligaments in more than one place. but facial muscles are connected to the skin

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18
Q

what are skeletal muscles connected to?

A

the skeleton

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19
Q

what are skeletal muscles?

A

bundles of protein fibres that have axons coming from neurons in the CNS that synapse onto these fibres onto these muscles (e.g. triceps and biceps)

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20
Q

what can support complex behaviours without requiring inpur from the cortex?

A

complex circuits within the spinal cord.

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21
Q

what is in the hind brain?

A

medulla oblongata, pns, cerebellum

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22
Q

medulla oblonata

A

at the base of the brain stem and contorls involuntary muscles (heary rate, dilation of blood vessels, swallowing)

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23
Q

pons

A

bridges information between cerebellum and medulla oblongata

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24
Q

cerebellum

A

unconscious coordination: posture, body/limb movelemt, balance. voluntary motor skils (walking, bike riding)

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25
Q

what does the cerebellum have a role in?

A

control and timing of ongoing motion

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26
Q

what is at the top of the motor system?

A

the neocortex and cerebellum

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27
Q

what is the central sulcus

A

demarcates the division between the frontal and parietal love

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28
Q

how is the motor cortex excitability enhances?

A

viewing bodily motion which is correlated with facion emotion discrimination performance

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29
Q

what is the pre central gyrus a part of?

A

primary motor cortex

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30
Q

what is the post central gyrus a part of?

A

the primary somatosensory cortex

31
Q

what are the homunculus?

A

represent how different parts of the motor cortex refer to different parts of the body

32
Q

what does the sensory cortex control?

A

senses such as taste touch and genitals

33
Q

what does the mortor cotex control?

A

movement such as hands mouth and such

34
Q

what do motor outputs come from?

A

the motor cortex

35
Q

what is the motor cortex controlled by?

A

premotor supplementary motor areas

36
Q

how are motor outputs projected>

A

through pyramidal tracts to spinal cord, where it synapses with peripheral motor neurons

37
Q

what are other pathways to motor outputs

A

run parallel from cortex, basal ganglia and cerebellum via the brainstep and spinal cord. these run outside of the pyramidal tract

38
Q

what is the extrapyramidal system?

A

the other pathways or motor outputs that run parallel from cortex, basal ganglia and cerebellum via thebrainstep and spinal cord that run outside the pyramidal tract

39
Q

in regard to motor control, what does the primary motor cortex do?

A

source of pyramidal tract neurons

40
Q

in regard to motor control, what does the supplementary motor cortex do?

A

provides for the conception and initiation of movement.

41
Q

how do lesions affect the supplementary motor cortex?

A

defects in voluntary movement or speech

42
Q

in regard to motor control, what does the premotor cortex do?

A

it is important in motor coortination.

43
Q

how to lesions affect the premotor cortex?

A

cause impairments in stability of stance, walking and hand coordination

44
Q

what do motor plans from the supplementary motor cortices specify?

A

the goals of the action,rather than the precise set of muscle actions that are required to carry out those goals

45
Q

what is the basal ganglia as part of the motor control system?

A

they are subcortical structures involved in modulating motor behaviour

46
Q

what are the two main subcortical loops involved in movement generation?

A

the cerebellar loop and the basal ganglia loop

47
Q

what does the cerebellar loop do?

A

coordinates the timing anf trajectory of movement using sensory and motor information

48
Q

what does the basal ganglia loop do>

A

regulates the excitability of frontal motor structures and biases the likelihood of movement and the nature of movement (e.g. the force)

49
Q

what is an example of hypokinetic disease?

A

parkinson’s

50
Q

what causes parkinson’s disease?

A

the lack of dopamine increases overall excitatory activity in direct pathway - this leads to tonic inhibition of the thalamus and therefore less excitation going back to the cortex therefore it is more difficult to start or stop movements

51
Q

what is an example of hyperkinetic disease?

A

huntinton’s

52
Q

what causes huntinton’s

A

degeneration of part of the striatum (the caudate) and no inhibition of the thalamus and hence over excitability and unwanted movements

53
Q

what is action

A

should not simply be seen as the output of the system, but the motor representations the are fundamental to perception

54
Q

what are the two processing streams for visual perception?

A

ventral stram and dorsal stra,

55
Q

what is the ventral stream for?

A

object identification - perception

56
Q

what is the dorsal stream for?

A

object location - action

57
Q

what is the neuropsychological evidence for the dual streams?

A

patient DF, optical ataxia patients

58
Q

what was wrong with patient DF?

A

who was unable to describe objects but able to manipulate them - Visual agnosia

59
Q

what is wrong with optical ataxia patients

A

can report what objects are, and where they are located with reference to themselves, but cannot reach to grasp or place them

60
Q

what provides evidence for independent streams?

A

visual illusions that deieve the eye but not the hand - “if you think the two disks are the same size, pick up the one on the left. if you think they are different, pick up the one on the right”

61
Q

what is biological motion?

A

can be perceived even when embedded randomly moving dots

62
Q

when is the posterior superior temporal sulcus activated

A

during the perception of point-light displays and faces as well as more complex social stimuli involving implied/actual motion.

63
Q

what is the effect of Transcranial MAgnetic simulation (TMS) to this area?

A

distups the perception of point-light displays. thus disturbs people’s ability to make inferences of displays and has casual role in unerstading these kinds of stimuli

64
Q

where were mirror neurons discovered?

A

in macaques

65
Q

when did mirror neurons fire in the 1990s experiment?

A

when the monkeys performed an action and whist it observes the experimenter performing the same action

66
Q

what do mirror neurons seem to encode?

A

intentions

67
Q

what do mirror neurons discriminate between?

A

reach and reach to grasp therefore they an encode intentions

68
Q

what is the reasoning behind the mirror neurons being able to encode intention?

A

difference in spiking must be due to knowing that the object is or is not htere

69
Q

what have mirror neurons been postulated to be involved in?

A

a wide rance of mechanisms including, intention of others, language acquisition and empathy. evidence in humans are still debated

70
Q

what is the first of the two contexts of the observations of grasping action?

A

two different intentions - drinking on the lefft and cleaning up on the right - elicits differential activity (greater for drinking) in the mirror neuron area located in the right posterior inferior frontal gyrus

71
Q

what is the second of the 2 contexts of the observations of grasping action?

A

this shows mirror neuron systems does not simply code the observed action (‘thats a grasp’) but rather the itnention association with the action )’thats a grasp to drink’)

72
Q

what does the STS do in human mirror neurons?

A

provides MNS with high level visual description of hte observed actions of meaningful motion by an animate agent

73
Q

what does the inferior parietal lobule (IPL) do in human mirror neurons?

A

concerned with motor modelling of observed behaviour

74
Q

what does the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) do in human mirror neurons?

A

concerned with itnentionality.

PYB102 (12 decks)

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