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PYB102 > WEEK 5 - The Cellular basis of learning and memory > Flashcards

WEEK 5 - The Cellular basis of learning and memory Flashcards

1
Q

Learnign

A

the process of acquiring new information

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2
Q

what were the three conditions involved in the rat study regarding the effect of the environment on the brain

A

standard condition - normal cage
impoverished (or isolated) condition - less things in cage
enriched condition - more thingsi n cage

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3
Q

what was the findings of the rat study regarding the effect of the environment on the brain

A

rats in the enriched condition had heavier and thicker cortexes. larger cortical synapse and also increased growth in dendrites

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4
Q

what is environmental enrichment?

A

the brain grows and changes as a consequence of the environment. Evidence suggests long-term changes in brain structures occur as a result of experience

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5
Q

non-associative learning?

A

inolves a single stimulus presented once or repeated

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6
Q

associative learning

A

learning about connections or relationships between events

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7
Q

what are the two types of non-associative learning?

A

habituation and sensitization

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8
Q

what is habituation

A

decreased response to repeated presentations of a stimulus

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9
Q

sensitization

A

prior strong stimulation icnrease response to most stimuli

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10
Q

what is involved in non-assicative learning in aplysia californica

A

the sea-slug show a grill withdrawl response when water is squirted at its syphon. repeated stimulation decreases in the size of the response thus habituation. a small shock to tell the tail enhances the size of the response to subsequent water squirts thus sensation

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11
Q

what is the theory involved with associative learning?

A

classical and operant conditioning

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12
Q

classical conditioning

A

a neutral stimulus is paired with another stimulus that elicits a response. eventually the neutral stimulus by itself will elicit the response. associative leanring because association is learned between two previously unrelated stimuli

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13
Q

who was responsible for classical conditioning?

A

PAVLOV

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14
Q

operant and instrumental condition,

A

where an association is made between behaviour and the consequence of the behaviour. it is a form of associative learning where an action is learned between an action and its consequence

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15
Q

what did pavlov believe?

A

conditioning strengthened connections between the CS and the UCS center in the brain

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16
Q

what is the switchboard metaphor?

A

new connections are plugged between differeny areas

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17
Q

what did karl lashley do?

A

set out to test whether new connections are plugged in between differeny areas by searching for engrams, pr physical representations of what had been learnt in rat brain

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18
Q

what did karl lashley hypothesize?

A

that a knife cut should abolish newly learned response

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19
Q

what were the results of karl lashley’s experunent?

A

not consistent with switchboard metaphor. i.e location of cute did not matter. what did matter was the extent of lesioning and the complexity of the task

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20
Q

what did karl lashley propose in regards to his findings?

A

the mass action principle

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21
Q

what is the mass action principle?

A

suggests that the proportion of the brain that is injured is directly proportional to the decreased ability of memory functions. In other words, memory cannot be localized to a single cortical area, but is instead distributed throughout the cortex

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22
Q

what was involved in the stdy of how synaptic events underlie simple learning in invertebrates?

A

habituation and sensitization

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23
Q

what is habituations involvement in storing information in the neurons system of aplysia californica?

A

results in a change in the synapose between the sensory neurons and the motor neurons, sensory neurons fail to excite motor neurons as they did previously

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24
Q

what is sensitization involvement in storing information in the neurons system of aplysia californica?

A

changes as identified in synapse included:
serotonin release from a facilitating neuron blocks potassium channels in presynaptic neuron.
prolonged release of transmitter from that neuron results in prolonged sensitization

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25
Q

what did donald hebb say?

A

“cells that fire together wire together”

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26
Q

what is hebbian synapse?

A

occurs when the successful stimulation of a cell by an axon leads to the enhanced ability to stimulate that cell in the future.

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27
Q

why does the enhancement in the hebbian synapse occur?

A

becuase of simultaneous activity in the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons

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28
Q

what are hebbian synapses critical for?

A

many kinds of assicative leanring

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29
Q

what did Bliss & Lomo demonstrate?

A

long term potentiated in the rabbit hippocampus occues when one or more axons are bombarded with a dendrite with stimulation (tetanus stimulation) leaving the synapose “potentiated” for a period of time and the neuron is more responsive

30
Q

what is LTP

A

long term potentiated

31
Q

what are the properties of LTP that suggest it as a cellular basis of leanring and memory?

A

specificity, associatibity

32
Q

specificity in regard to LTP?

A

only synapses of a cell that have been highly active become strengthened

33
Q

associativity in regard to LTP

A

pairing a weak input with a strong input enhances later responses to a weak input

34
Q

since LTP exhibits specificity and associativity, what seems plausible?

A

a plausible mechanism for instantiate Hebbian learning

35
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

an activity dependent enhancement of synaptic efficacy

36
Q

long-term depression

A

is a prolonged decrease in response at a synapose that occurs when axon have been active at a low frequency (oppositve of LTP)

37
Q

what do the biochemical mechanisms of LTP depend on?

A

changes in glutamate synapses primarily in the postsynaptic neuron (Excitatory)

38
Q

where do the changes the LTP depend on occur?

A

several types of receptor sites including the ionotropic receptors

39
Q

what are the ionotropic receptors where the changes the LTP depend on occur?

A

α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) receptors.

AND

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors.

40
Q

what is the process of LTP mechanisms in regard to hippocampal neurons?

A

o Repeated glutamate excitation of AMPA receptors depolarizes the membrane
o The depolarization removes magnesium ions that had been blocking NMDA receptors (NMDA receptor is action is voltage-dependent)
o Glutamate is then able to excite the NMDA receptors, opening a channel for calcium ions to enter the neuron

41
Q

what does specificity require?

A

BOTH glutaminergic binding at the receptor (receptor relase at the pre-synaptic cell) and depolarisation of the post synaptic cell (to remove Mg2+block)

42
Q

what triggers further changes in the process of LTP?

A

entry of calcium through the NMDA channel

43
Q

what happens when more AMPA receptors are built?

A

dendritic branching is increased

44
Q

what do the responses in the LTP in Hippocampal neurons increase?

A

later respnsiveness of the dendrites to incoming glutamate

45
Q

what as another cause of LTP?

A

presynaptic neuron

46
Q

what changes occur as a result of post synaptic cell stimulation?

A

release of the retrograde messeger transmitter that travels back to the presynaptic cell

47
Q

what changes occur as a result of the release and travelling of the retrograde messenger transmitter

A

o Decrease in action potential threshold
o Increase neurotransmitter release of
o Expansion of the axons.
o Transmitter release from additional sites.

48
Q

physiological changes at synapse may do what?

A

store information

49
Q

what can changes be in regard to information storage in the newvous system?

A

presynaptic or post synaptic or both

50
Q

what can changes include when storing information in the nervous system?

A

increased neuotransmitter release, or effectiveness or receptors

51
Q

how can synaptic changes be measured?

A

physiologicall and may be presynaptic post synaptic or both

52
Q

What is the relation between LTP and memory function?

A

their temporal properties are consistent with eachother

53
Q

what did the Morris water maze find?

A

genetically modified mice with no NMDA receptors in the CA1 field of the hippocampus are unable to learn how to solve the maze

54
Q

what was the experiment that relates to behavioural induction of LTP?

A

the rats in the different conditions of environemtn

55
Q

what is the RIBOT gradient/temporal gradient of retrogade amnesia?

A

more remote memories tend to be spread where as more recent memories are lost

56
Q

what is the first important explanation for temporal gradients in amnesia?

A

older memories become more semantic like and less episodic with the passing f time because they get rehearsed more often. They become mroe like stories than memries (Cermak & O’Connor)

57
Q

what is the second important explanation for temporal gradients in amnesia?

A

the hippocamps has a time-limited role and the more consolidated the memory the less dependent on the hippocampus it is (Squire)

58
Q

what is the difference between dementia patients and amnesic AD patients?

A

dementia patients can remember recent but not old events, and amnesic AD patients is the opposite

59
Q

Somantic

A

can remember recent vents but not older events

60
Q

Alzheimer’s or amnesia

A

can remember remote events by not revent events

61
Q

what is the standard model of declarative system consolidation?

A
  1. consoliation

2. retrieval at different stages of consolidation

62
Q

what are the different stages of consolidation?

A
  1. ecoding
  2. retrieval of non-consolidated memory
  3. retrieval of a consolidated memory
63
Q

what is the initial storage of memory trace

A

pattern of connections between hippocampal and cortical neurons

64
Q

what evidences supports the idea that memories are transferred from the hippocampus?

A

a longer time-course for system consolidation than for synaptic plasticity supports this

65
Q

what does the protein synthesis inhibition following learning show?

A

synaptic consolidation is complete within 1 hour

66
Q

what is the effect of leisoning the rat;s hippocapus on?

A

a learned response dimities of diminishes over time since learning. this takes a number of days

67
Q

what is MTL and the neocortex?

A

complementary learning systems

68
Q

what is structured and fast plasticity good for?

A

the online encoding of events as they happen

69
Q

what are the benefits of structured and fast plasticity for online encoding of events?

A

sparse encoding, autoassociative, content addressable and recurent feedback loops

70
Q

what do recurrent feedback loops allow?

A

binding across time and the reconstruction of previously learned patterns

71
Q

what does the neocortex learn during consolidation of memoies?

A

generalize concepts, princoples, facts etc slowly through interleaved representation of the same event many times in the content of small changes of synaptic efficacy

72
Q

what does recurrent connectivity in the hippocampal formation instantiate?

A

auto-associative memory systems

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