WEEK 3 - Methods in Biological and Cognitive Psychology Flashcards
What did Bruce & Young propose in 1986?
that the human mind is turned to the analysis of faces and that the human face processing system has a set of differnents processing modules promoting different aspects of facial analysis
how does evidence suggest that faces are processed?
by neutral mechanisms that differ from those used to process other objects
what are the 6 lines of evidence that support how faces are processed by neutral mechanisms?
- Behavioural evidence
- Lesion studies
- High spatial resolution imaging techniques
- high temporal resolution imaging techniques
- high spatial AND temporal resolution imaging techniques
- brain stimulation techniques
what is an experiment?
where the experimenter/scientist does something and measures the consequences
what does it mean when something is correlated?
when it can be observed that there is a relationship between two things
what is the IV
independent variable. presumed to change in another varable, often manipulated by the researcher
what is the DV
the presumed effect or outcome. the variable that is measured by the researcher and influenced by the IV
what is causation?
a condition in which one event (the cause) generates another event (the effect)
what is a relationship condition?
where the cause (IV) must be related to the effect (DV)
what is a temporal order condition?
changes in the IV must precede changes in the TV
what does correlation fail to prove?
causation
what is the facial inversion effect?
A variety of types of judgements about faces are more difficult when faces are presented upside down. they imply orientation sensitive proceses that are specific to faces as opposed to other classes of objects
what is the question in regard to the Gilard Effect?
Does changing “shading” of the eye region influence accuracy in recognising faces?
what were the findings of Gilard effect?
that eyes with normal shading are important to recognition, but only when in the context of the overall facial feature arrangements
what does localising brain function mean?
different parts of the brain are responsible for different mental faculties
what happened in the High velocity rifle circa 1890?
small bullets that were fired could penetrate the skull and often exit it, leaving relatively small observable regions of brain damage.
in lesion studies, what does disassociation mean?
Brain damage is associated with impairments in a particular domain of cognitive functioning
in lesion studies, what does double-disassociation mean?
Where:
Person A is impaired in Task1 but not Task2
Person B is impaired in Task2 but not Task1
= stronger evidence for dissociable brain mechanisms
what does prosopagonsia mean?
Face blindness. Where people have brain damage that affect their ability to recognise faces
what parts of the brain are associated with prosopagnosia?
occipital-temporal regions
what are the problems with lesion studies?
- patients are rare
- damage is often not very circumscribed
- “plasticity”
what is involved in the High Spatial resolution brain mapping solution?
MRI and PET
what does PET stand for?
positron Emission Tomography.
what is PET
where the participant or patient is infused with radio-isotope. the radioactive decay can be used to measure cerebral blood flow that can show what part of the brain is busy. It also provides good spatial resolution (radioactivity)
What does MRI stand for?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
what does paramagnetic man?
attracts to magnetic field
what does diagmatic mean?
repels magnetic field
what does BOLD imaging stand for?
Blood OXygen Level Depedent imaging
how does BOLD imaging work?
Hemoglobin is inserted into the blood stream and attaches itself to oxygen molecules.
what is the haemodynamic response?
the neuroal fire triggers change the oxygenated bloodflow to the active brain area
what is deoxyhaemoglobin?
a paragmagnetic
what is Oxyheimoglobin?
diagmatic