WEEK 10: Navigation

Question 1

What is spatial navigation?

Answer 1

how we find out way through out environment

Question 2

what are the two frameworks for navigation research?

Answer 2

microscopic and macroscopic

Question 3

what is microscopic analysis?

Answer 3

o how do you keep track of your own location and locations of other objects as you move?
• Small-scale space
• short time scale
• perception

Question 4

what is macroscopic analysis?

Answer 4

o	how do you remember where things are?
o	how do you use that memory to guide navigation
•	large scale space
•	long time scale
•	learning and memory

Question 5

what are other navigation research methods?

Answer 5

in addition to psychology and neuroscience, many other disciplines contribute to navigation research
o	e.g.
•	biology
•	geography
•	computer science
•	robotics
•	anthropology
•	urban planning

Question 6

what are the neural mechanisms of location tracking?

Answer 6

Medial temporal lobe, place cells, grid cells and others

Question 7

what are the main structures in the medial temporal love involved in location tracking?

Answer 7

peripheral cortex, entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, parahippocampus cortex

Question 8

place cells?

Answer 8

o in the hippocampus fire when you are in specific locations within a given environment. they are neuronsin the brain that identify your cirrent location.

Question 9

what happens to place cells when you move from your current location?

Answer 9

youll have another set of place cells fring?

Question 10

how were place cells discovered?

Answer 10

by placing electrodes in the brain

Question 11

what are grid cells?

Answer 11

in the entorhinal cortex fire when you occupy one of hexagonal grid points within a given environment

Question 12

what is the difference between place cells and grid cells?

Answer 12

grid cells can fire in multiple locations thus can make a history of how you are moving and keep track of where you are where in place cells there can only be one hot spot percell

Question 13

what are other mechanisms for location tracking?

Answer 13

o	head direction cells
o	spatial view cells
o	boundary cells
o	time cells
o	speed cells

Question 14

what constitute a neural basis of spatial navication?

Answer 14

grid cells, place cells and o	head direction cells
o	spatial view cells
o	boundary cells
o	time cells
o	speed cells

Question 15

true or false

early evidence suggests taht these basic systems of location trachign are shared across species?

Answer 15

true

Question 16

what do humans rely heavily on to generate inputs?

Answer 16

vision

Question 17

.at what distance can humans control walking blind folded well?

Answer 17

20m. beyond 20m we struggle

Question 18

what did Klatzsky discover?

Answer 18

walking or rotating their body (physical movement) helped in achieving excellent performance.
They struggled when they were stationary
information comes from your moving body.
Therefore muscles are important for determining spatial locating and interna; action of moving towards target is inaccurate

Question 19

is any body-based information equally effective for facilitating spatial updating?

Answer 19

certian kinds of body based information arem ore useful than others.

Question 20

what were the findings on whether some body based information are more useful than others?

Answer 20

when actively walking (on their own), reaching target is more accurate. If you areo nly passively guided, getting body-based information but it is less useful for finding where you are in space.

Question 21

are body-based infomrmation and these behaviours observed relevant to neural mechanisms in the MTL?

Answer 21

people who have no MTL as long as removal was done in one hemisphere then effects aren ot as severe.
If MTL removed from both sides, then there would be no memiry

Question 22

does the removal of the MRL effect perception (thus how far away something is?

Answer 22

no

Question 23

do GPS devices make navigation skills obsolete?

Answer 23

yes (Ishikawa). However, iGPS is helpful when navigation is challenging, but does not always offfer best experiences

Question 24

what are the two systems of large-scale navigation?

Answer 24

place learning and response learning

Question 25

what is place learning?

Answer 25

when you identify object locations within a larget environment framework. this is rapidly acquired and allows flexible behaviours but reuires conscious retriwval and susceptive to forrgetting

Question 26

what is response learning?

Answer 26

performing specific sequence of action. Alow to learn, only rigid behaviour is possible but it does not require conscious awareness as much longer-lasting.

Question 27

what type of memory and system is involved in place learning?

Answer 27

declarative memroy and MTL dependent systems

Question 28

what memory and system is involved in response learning?

Answer 28

procedural memory based, caudate-dependent system