11. Introduction to language and communication Flashcards
what are the 4 lines of inquiry?
animal communication, child language, adult normal language, aphasic language
what are the three connecting links between the lines of inquiry?
between animal communication and child language is talking chimps.
Between child language and adult normal language is language in 8-14 yr olds
between adult normal language and aphasic language is slips of the tongur
what are the three complexities of language
pragmatics, slips of the tongue and earlygramar
Define pragmatics
the branch of linguistics dealing with language in use and the contexts in which it is used, including such matters as deixis, the taking of turns in conversation, text organization, presupposition, and implicature.
what is an example of paragmatics?
“There is quite a draft in here”
what is an example of early grammar
“Mum, he goed away!!”
what is an example of slips of the tongue?
“with this wing i thee red”
what is psycholinguistics?
the study of relationship between linguistic behaviour and the psychological processes (e.g. memory, attention) thought to underlie it”
the study f the internal processes that we are able to reveal.
what is the common aim for people who call themselves psycholinguists
to find out about structures and processes that underlie a human’s ability to speak and understand language
why is it called speech perception?
so called becuase of its reliance on the perceptual system
what is speech perception?
how sounds and sound sequences are analysed and identified as they relate to meaning. it is more than auditory perception because ot plays a critial role in the indeitification of speech sounds
what are two ways of recognising speech sounds?
phonology and phnemes
define phonology
study of the principles that govern the organisation of sounds in a language and how sounds vary
define phonemes
minimum unit of sound (perceptually discriminable) that conveys meaning in a particular langauge
what are problems in decoding (in recognising speech sounds)?
o Speech is not discrete (“whatareyadoing”)
o Phonetic segments (sound segments at the level of pronunciation) are not invariant (e.g., /p/ in pill vs. spill)
o Pronunciations might differ
o Speech is not always clear (cocktail party phenomenon) – BUT we can selectively attend and meaning plays a role
what is the purpose of speech?
to communicate - listen for meaning
how is meaning conveyed?
by a number of things o Syntax o prosody (Stress, rhythm, pitch) o Rules of conversation o Shared world knowledge o non-verbal cues (non-verbal communication)
what are pragmatics?
use and comprehension of language in everyday life
what is syntax?
the rules according to which words are arranged to convey relationships of meaning within (and also between) sentences
what is some early evidence of syntax?
o Presented 20 combinations of letters M, V, R, T, and X, combined according to pre-specific rules (an artificial grammar)
o Identification task: 81% of new but grammatically constructed latter stings correctly identified
how is syntax langauge acquired?
implcitly
what are some syntac cues?
Word order, word class (e.g. verb, noun, adjective), affixes, word meaning, prosody (rhythm, annotation, stress)
what are types of synaptic cues?
prosody, and semantics/word meaning
define prosody
patterns of stress, pitch and rhythm: o ‘John gave Sam the book’ o ‘John gave Sam the book’ o ‘John gave Sam the book’ o ‘John gave Sam the book’ o ‘John gave Sam the book?
define semantics/word meaning
strong cue to syntax and subsequent interpretation of sentence.
o ‘Smoking volcanoes can be dangerous’
how to syntax and semantic structures relate?
through surface deep structure
what is surface structure?
grammatical structures of sentence (concrete)
what is deep structure?
underlying meaning of a sentence (abstract)
what is the transformational rules?
rules showing relationship between sentences with same meaning but different surface structures.
- John hit the ball = ball was hit by john
what are slips of the tongue?
insights into mechanisms of speech planning e.g. with the wing I thee red’ (Spoonerism) • ‘relevance’ → ‘relevance’ • ‘a tank of gas’ → ‘a gas of tank’
how does the brain embody language?
through the Broca’s area and the Wernicke’s area
what happened to patietn Tan?
He had aphasia and could not produce words well
what happens when you have wernicke’s aphasia?
youre able to produce language nad have conversations but conversations did not make sense, so they retained grammar but had not retained the menaing. Production is superficially okay but it is devoid of meaning