12. Emotion - the psychology of love, fear and loathing Flashcards
Define emotion
emotions are biologically-based responses to situations that are seen as personally relevant. They are shaped by learning, and usually involve changes in peripheral physiology, expressive behaviour, and subjective experience
what is mood?
diffuse, long-lasting emotional states
what is emotion?
immediate responses to a specific object or situation
What parts of the brain did Bartels and Zeki see to be activated as a result of love?
romantic and maternal love activate a set of overlapping brain structures including cingulate cortex, insula, hippocampus and basal ganglia
what is the theory of mind?
the ability to represent the mental states of other people. it is mind reading. it is the understanding the context of other people’s thoughts.
what is the part of the brain the correlates with mind reading?
the temporal parietal junction
What area is deactivated when we are in love?
the temporal parietal junction
what is oxytosin?
the hormone involved in a variety of functions in relation to maternal behaviours such as urual contractions (for birth), and milk let down reflec as well as effects on the brain
what are prarie voles?
mammals that are mcnogamous, pair-bond after mating
what are montane voles?
promiscuous mammals
what did Inse & yound discover?
prairie voles have greater expression of ocytosin receptors in nucleus acumbens and pre-limbic cortex.
there are different behaviour patterns of female voles following mating in the two vole species
blocking of partner preference in female prairie voles by OT
what is an neuro transmitter antagonist?
blocks specific receptors and prevents the operation of that receptor
what structures of the brain are inovolved in cocain induced euphoria?
caudate, globus pallidus, hippocampus, hypothalamus, putamen, subtantia nigra
what is emotion relating to?
the visceria nervous system
what are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system?
sympathetic and parasympathetic
what does the sympathetic nervous system do?
fight or flight
what happens during fight or flight?
diated pupils inhibits flow of saliva accellerates heartbeat dialates bronchi inhibits digestion relaxes rectum
(makes us active)
what does the parasympathetic nervous system do?
rest and digest
what happens during rest and digest?
consricts pupils stimulates flow of saliva slows heartbeat relaxes bronchi stimulates digestion contracts rectum
(makes us calm)
what is associated with high arousal?
activity of the sympathetic nervous system
what occurs diing high and low arousal
excitement
what is associated with low arousal
association of the parasympathetic nervous system
what shows a dimensional approach of emotion?
negative valience and positive valence
arousal (in the dimensions of emotion)
high - excited tense
low - calm, lethargic
valence (in the dimensions of emotion
positive - elated contended
negative - sad gloomy
what is the cannon-bard theory of emotion
visceral changes occur too slowly to precede emotional expereicne –> cats with sympathetic nervous system removed still display emotiaonal reactions to baring dogs.
what did schacter do?
injected peopel with adrenaline
what did schacter discover?
in an emotion eliciting situation - with more adrenaline, more fear for a horror movie, more anger when insulted, more laughter for comedy with adrenaline. (but not if informed about adrenaline)
what did scacter conclude?
there is an interplay with cognition and bodily response
what was the creaky bridge expriement?
there were two bridges a not so safe one and a safe one. attractive female in the middlge of the bridge who asked subjects to fill out a questionairre and casually asks people if they have more questions he can cal her at home and proves her with phone number
what was discovered in the creaky bridge experiemnt”
the subjects on the dangerous bridge called, safer bridge fere calls
what was the conclusion of the creaky bridge experiment?
peopel experience higher degree of arousal when they are on the unsae bridge and this is interpreted as “im aroused, and must be attracted to this woman, and i will cal her”
why is it important to have a full face of fear?
to show others around yo uthere is danger
what else in addition to experiencing feelings or bodily states prepare one for action?
signalling intentions or emotional states.
what is charles darwin’s perspective on emotion?
o that they are functional (i.e. “fight or flight” activation) and confer survival advatage
o facial signals and expressions are universal
o facial signals are universal
o facial signals of emotion are not arbitrary
what does it mean when emotions are categorical
they have evolved in response to distinct evolutionary pressures and fulfill different functions
what shows that facial signals are universal?
the spontaneous facial expressions of emotion in athletes. a congenitally blind and noncongenitally blifht and sighted athletes had similar expressions after winning or losing.
what are the two most mixed up emotions?
fear and surprose?
what is the most easily recognised emotion?
happiness
inferior occipital gyri in Haxby;s face processing system?
early perception of facial features
superopr temporal sulcus in Haxby;s face processing system?
changeable aspects of faces - perception of eye gaze. Expression and lip movement
Lateral fusiform gyus in Haxby;s face processing system?
invariant aspects of faces - perception of unique identity
Intraparietal sulcus in Haxby;s face processing system?
spatially directed attention
auditory cortex in Haxby;s face processing system?
prelexical speech percetion
amygdala, insula, limbic system in Haxby;s face processing system?
emotion
anterior temporal in Haxby;s face processing system?
personal identity, name and biographical information
what does it mean when emotions are not arbitrary?
fear and disgust may perform opposite functions in terms of promoting versus inhibiting sensory input.
what is the amygdala suggestion to be responsible for
not only our eperience of fear but also of our capacity to recognise fear of other people
what is the insula suggested to be responsible for?
not only our experience of disgust, but aso for our capacity to recognise disgust being signalled by other people
what happens when there are lesions in the amygdala
selective impairment of fear recognition
what did Calder, Lawrence and young find>
image studies looking at fer conditioning (red dots) and viewing facial expressions of fear (green dots) both activate amygdala.
what did Calder, Lawrence and Young conclude?
aygdala is involved in both exprience and recognition of fear.
what happened to monkeys when their amygdala was removed
they are much more likely to reach out and pick up novel objects and put them in their mouths (less fear of danger)
what happened to poeple with coritcal blindness in relation to fear blindsight
their amygdala is being activated to a similar degree regardless to whether their fear stimuli is presented to their sighted firled or their blind field
what happen to blind sighted patients in related to threat related faces>
threat related faces evoke peripheral indices of fear.threat related response even when the patient has not consciously perceived the facial expression. These findings suggest that there is a fast subcortical processing stream that is secific for the detection of threat related materials.
what happened in pre-symptomatic Huntington gene carriers
impaired recognition of facial expressions of disgust they have reduced neural response to disgust faces in left dorsal anterior insula.
what parts of the brain are activated by disgusted faces?
right basal ganglia and bilateral insulae.
what is the empathy simulation theory>?
empathy involves mapping observed emotional states on the “neural machinery” that supports out personal experience of those emotions.
what causes the overlapping region of anterior insula to be activated?
smelling disgusting odorants and viewing the facially signalled disgust of others whilst smelling odorants.
