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PYB102 > 12. Emotion - the psychology of love, fear and loathing > Flashcards

12. Emotion - the psychology of love, fear and loathing Flashcards

1
Q

Define emotion

A

emotions are biologically-based responses to situations that are seen as personally relevant. They are shaped by learning, and usually involve changes in peripheral physiology, expressive behaviour, and subjective experience

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2
Q

what is mood?

A

diffuse, long-lasting emotional states

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3
Q

what is emotion?

A

immediate responses to a specific object or situation

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4
Q

What parts of the brain did Bartels and Zeki see to be activated as a result of love?

A

romantic and maternal love activate a set of overlapping brain structures including cingulate cortex, insula, hippocampus and basal ganglia

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5
Q

what is the theory of mind?

A

the ability to represent the mental states of other people. it is mind reading. it is the understanding the context of other people’s thoughts.

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6
Q

what is the part of the brain the correlates with mind reading?

A

the temporal parietal junction

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7
Q

What area is deactivated when we are in love?

A

the temporal parietal junction

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8
Q

what is oxytosin?

A

the hormone involved in a variety of functions in relation to maternal behaviours such as urual contractions (for birth), and milk let down reflec as well as effects on the brain

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9
Q

what are prarie voles?

A

mammals that are mcnogamous, pair-bond after mating

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10
Q

what are montane voles?

A

promiscuous mammals

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11
Q

what did Inse & yound discover?

A

prairie voles have greater expression of ocytosin receptors in nucleus acumbens and pre-limbic cortex.

there are different behaviour patterns of female voles following mating in the two vole species

blocking of partner preference in female prairie voles by OT

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12
Q

what is an neuro transmitter antagonist?

A

blocks specific receptors and prevents the operation of that receptor

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13
Q

what structures of the brain are inovolved in cocain induced euphoria?

A

caudate, globus pallidus, hippocampus, hypothalamus, putamen, subtantia nigra

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14
Q

what is emotion relating to?

A

the visceria nervous system

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15
Q

what are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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16
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A

fight or flight

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17
Q

what happens during fight or flight?

A 
diated pupils
inhibits flow of saliva
accellerates heartbeat
dialates bronchi
inhibits digestion
relaxes rectum

(makes us active)

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18
Q

what does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

rest and digest

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19
Q

what happens during rest and digest?

A 
consricts pupils
stimulates flow of saliva
slows heartbeat
relaxes bronchi
stimulates digestion
contracts rectum

(makes us calm)

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20
Q

what is associated with high arousal?

A

activity of the sympathetic nervous system

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21
Q

what occurs diing high and low arousal

A

excitement

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22
Q

what is associated with low arousal

A

association of the parasympathetic nervous system

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23
Q

what shows a dimensional approach of emotion?

A

negative valience and positive valence

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24
Q

arousal (in the dimensions of emotion)

A

high - excited tense

low - calm, lethargic

25
Q

valence (in the dimensions of emotion

A

positive - elated contended

negative - sad gloomy

26
Q

what is the cannon-bard theory of emotion

A

visceral changes occur too slowly to precede emotional expereicne –> cats with sympathetic nervous system removed still display emotiaonal reactions to baring dogs.

27
Q

what did schacter do?

A

injected peopel with adrenaline

28
Q

what did schacter discover?

A

in an emotion eliciting situation - with more adrenaline, more fear for a horror movie, more anger when insulted, more laughter for comedy with adrenaline. (but not if informed about adrenaline)

29
Q

what did scacter conclude?

A

there is an interplay with cognition and bodily response

30
Q

what was the creaky bridge expriement?

A

there were two bridges a not so safe one and a safe one. attractive female in the middlge of the bridge who asked subjects to fill out a questionairre and casually asks people if they have more questions he can cal her at home and proves her with phone number

31
Q

what was discovered in the creaky bridge experiemnt”

A

the subjects on the dangerous bridge called, safer bridge fere calls

32
Q

what was the conclusion of the creaky bridge experiment?

A

peopel experience higher degree of arousal when they are on the unsae bridge and this is interpreted as “im aroused, and must be attracted to this woman, and i will cal her”

33
Q

why is it important to have a full face of fear?

A

to show others around yo uthere is danger

34
Q

what else in addition to experiencing feelings or bodily states prepare one for action?

A

signalling intentions or emotional states.

35
Q

what is charles darwin’s perspective on emotion?

A

o that they are functional (i.e. “fight or flight” activation) and confer survival advatage
o facial signals and expressions are universal
o facial signals are universal
o facial signals of emotion are not arbitrary

36
Q

what does it mean when emotions are categorical

A

they have evolved in response to distinct evolutionary pressures and fulfill different functions

37
Q

what shows that facial signals are universal?

A

the spontaneous facial expressions of emotion in athletes. a congenitally blind and noncongenitally blifht and sighted athletes had similar expressions after winning or losing.

38
Q

what are the two most mixed up emotions?

A

fear and surprose?

39
Q

what is the most easily recognised emotion?

A

happiness

40
Q

inferior occipital gyri in Haxby;s face processing system?

A

early perception of facial features

41
Q

superopr temporal sulcus in Haxby;s face processing system?

A

changeable aspects of faces - perception of eye gaze. Expression and lip movement

42
Q

Lateral fusiform gyus in Haxby;s face processing system?

A

invariant aspects of faces - perception of unique identity

43
Q

Intraparietal sulcus in Haxby;s face processing system?

A

spatially directed attention

44
Q

auditory cortex in Haxby;s face processing system?

A

prelexical speech percetion

45
Q

amygdala, insula, limbic system in Haxby;s face processing system?

A

emotion

46
Q

anterior temporal in Haxby;s face processing system?

A

personal identity, name and biographical information

47
Q

what does it mean when emotions are not arbitrary?

A

fear and disgust may perform opposite functions in terms of promoting versus inhibiting sensory input.

48
Q

what is the amygdala suggestion to be responsible for

A

not only our eperience of fear but also of our capacity to recognise fear of other people

49
Q

what is the insula suggested to be responsible for?

A

not only our experience of disgust, but aso for our capacity to recognise disgust being signalled by other people

50
Q

what happens when there are lesions in the amygdala

A

selective impairment of fear recognition

51
Q

what did Calder, Lawrence and young find>

A

image studies looking at fer conditioning (red dots) and viewing facial expressions of fear (green dots) both activate amygdala.

52
Q

what did Calder, Lawrence and Young conclude?

A

aygdala is involved in both exprience and recognition of fear.

53
Q

what happened to monkeys when their amygdala was removed

A

they are much more likely to reach out and pick up novel objects and put them in their mouths (less fear of danger)

54
Q

what happened to poeple with coritcal blindness in relation to fear blindsight

A

their amygdala is being activated to a similar degree regardless to whether their fear stimuli is presented to their sighted firled or their blind field

55
Q

what happen to blind sighted patients in related to threat related faces>

A

threat related faces evoke peripheral indices of fear.threat related response even when the patient has not consciously perceived the facial expression. These findings suggest that there is a fast subcortical processing stream that is secific for the detection of threat related materials.

56
Q

what happened in pre-symptomatic Huntington gene carriers

A

impaired recognition of facial expressions of disgust they have reduced neural response to disgust faces in left dorsal anterior insula.

57
Q

what parts of the brain are activated by disgusted faces?

A

right basal ganglia and bilateral insulae.

58
Q

what is the empathy simulation theory>?

A

empathy involves mapping observed emotional states on the “neural machinery” that supports out personal experience of those emotions.

59
Q

what causes the overlapping region of anterior insula to be activated?

A

smelling disgusting odorants and viewing the facially signalled disgust of others whilst smelling odorants.

PYB102 (12 decks)

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