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PYB102 > WEEK 2 - Neurons and the brain > Flashcards

WEEK 2 - Neurons and the brain Flashcards

1
Q

what are the meninges?

A

the protective sheaths around the brain and the spinal cord

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2
Q

what are the 3 layers of the meninges

A

Dura mater, arachnoid membrain, pia matter

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3
Q

what is the gap between the pia matter and the arachnoid membrane?

A

subarachnoid space

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4
Q

what is the subarachnoid space filled with?

A

CSF

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5
Q

what is CSF

A

cerebral spinal fluid

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6
Q

what is the white matter in the brain?

A

milenated axon fibres

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7
Q

what is the grey matter in the brain?

A

neurons of the brain and other cells

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8
Q

what is the limbic love?

A

where we would have parts of the amygdala and hippocampus (located in the middle of the brain)

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9
Q

what is the substance that fills the series of chambers inside the brain?

A

CSF - cerebrospinal fluid

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10
Q

what are the chambers in the brain that are filled with CSF known as?

A

the ventricular system

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11
Q

what are the two mian functions of the CSF?

A

mechanical shock absorber - since it is floating in CSF, the brain is protected from sudden movements that would otherwise cause contact with the inside of the skull

medium for exchange materials including nutrients between blood vessels and brain tissue

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12
Q

what is the function of the cerebral cortex?

A

provides for flexible control of patterns of movement

permits subtle discrimination among complex sensory patterns

makes language and symbolic thinking possible

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13
Q

what is the functional organization of the cortex?

A

primary areas and association areas

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14
Q

what are the major divisions of the cerebral cortex?

A

frontal lobe, Broca’s area, motor cortex, central fissure, somatosensory cortex, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, Wemicke’s area, temporal lobe

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15
Q

frontal lobe is for…

A

abstract thinking, planning, social skils

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16
Q

Broca’s area

A

speech production, grammar

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17
Q

parietal lobe

A

touch, spatial orientation, nonverbal thinking

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18
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision

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19
Q

Wemicke’s area

A

speech comprehension

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20
Q

temporal lobe

A

language, hearing, visual pattern recognition

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21
Q

what are the major subcortal divisions of the brain?

A

cerebral cortex, amygdala, hypothalamus, midbrain, brainstem, reticular formation, spinal cord, medulla, pons, cerebellum, thalamus, corpus collosum, forebrain

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22
Q

cerebral cortex

A

thin outer layer responsible for most complex behaviour and higher mental processes

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23
Q

amygcala

A

part og limbic system, involved in aggression and fear

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24
Q

hypothalamus

A

responsible for regulating emotions and drives (e.g. hunger, thirst, sec, aggression)

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25
Q

mid brain

A

helps coordinate movement patterns, sleep and arousal

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26
Q

brainstem

A

helps regulate reflex activities critical for survival (e.g. heartbeat and respration)

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27
Q

reticular formation

A

helps screen incoming sensory information and controls arousal

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28
Q

spinal cord

A

responsible for transmitting informaito between the brain and the rest of the body handles simple reflexes)

29
Q

medulla

A

Responsible for breathing heartbeat and other vital life functions

30
Q

cerebellum

A

coordinates fine muscle movement, balance ad some percepttion and cognition

31
Q

Pons

A

involved with resporation movement, waking sleep and dreaming

32
Q

thalamus

A

relays sensory messages to cortex

33
Q

corpus callosum

A

thick band of axons connecting the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

34
Q

what is the function of the spinal cord

A

to distribute motor connection to the muscles and glands and to collect somatosensory information

35
Q

what is the spinal cord protected by?

A

vertebral column

36
Q

where does the spinal cord pass through?

A

a hole in each of the vertebrae

37
Q

how long is hte spinal cord?

A

two thirds of the length of the vertebral column

38
Q

what is the rest of the space in the spinal cord filled with?

A

mass of spinal nerves composing the cauda equina

39
Q

what order does the subdivisions of hte spinal cord go in from the brain?

A 
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal
40
Q

what is sensation

A

the process by which the body gathers information about the environment and transmits the information to the brain for initial processing

41
Q

what is perception?

A

an active process by which the brain selects, organises and interprets sensory information

42
Q

what are neurons?

A

the basic functional unit of the nervous system, they take in information from other neirons (reception), integrate those signals (condiction) and pass signals to other neirons (transmission)

43
Q

Glial cells

A

nourish, protect, and physically support neurons and are thought to be particularly critical in brain development. One type of glial cell, the oligodendrocyte, covers the axons of neurons with myelin, a substance critical to the effective functioning of the brain.

44
Q

what are the parts of the neuron?

A

dendrites, soma, acon, terminal buttons, myelin

45
Q

dendrites

A

function principally to receive messages from other neurons. They transmit the information they receive to the soma.

46
Q

Soma

A

(cell body) contains mechanisms that control the metabolism and maintenance of the cell. It also collates ‘messages’ from other neurons.

47
Q

The Axon

A

carries ‘messages’ away from the soma towards the cells with which the neuron communicates; these messages are called action potentials

48
Q

Terminal bytton

A

are located at the end of the ‘twigs’ that branch off the ends of axons; they secrete neurotransmitters which affect the activity of other cells with which the neuron communicates

49
Q

Myelin

A

insulates some axons to promote efficient transmission of the action potential. It serves to increase the speed of propagation of the action potential along the axon

50
Q

what is the spine important for?

A

important for learning and memory and is likely to be involved in psychopathologies

51
Q

what is the cell membrane made up of?

A

lipid bilayer

52
Q

what is a lipid bilayer?

A

two layers of fatty molecules - within which may types of specialised proteins ‘float’

53
Q

embedded protein molecules

A

protein form pores or channels that control movement of material into and out of cell

54
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

separates two different chemical solutions

these solutions interact via pores or channels (typically these are protein molecules with a central passage)

55
Q

what happens when the cell membrane is at rest

A

the pores are usually closed to precent interchange of inside (intracellular) and outside (extracellular) materials

there are more sodium ions (Na+) outside the cell than inside. and there are more potassium ions (K+) inside the cell than outside

56
Q

What is the resting potential of the neuron?

A

-70mV

57
Q

what is the resting membrane potential (RMP)?

A

derives from the difference in chemical composition inside and outside the cell at rest. It is the result of relative concentrations of potassiium ions, chloride ions and negatively charged protein ions and sodium ions

58
Q

what is action potential

A

a brief reversal in the resting charge of the neuron

59
Q

what triggers an action potential?

A

an exchange of ions across the neuron membrane

60
Q

how is an action potential created?

A

when the neuron membrane is sufficiently depolarised (i.e. the resting potential moves towards 0mV). when the depolarisation reaches the threshold of about -55mV, then neuron will fire an action potential. if the neuron does not reach the critical threshold level, there is no action potential fire

61
Q

what is the all or non principle?

A

If the threshold level is reached, an action potential of a fixed sized will always fire. For any given neuron, the size of the action potential is always the same.
Therefore, the neuron either does not reach the threshold or a full action potential is fired

62
Q

what is the process of movement of sodium potassium ions during the action potential?

A
  1. sodium channels open; sodium ions enter, reversing membrane potential
  2. potassium channels open; potassium ions leave, restring membrane potential
  3. Ion transporters pump sodium and potassium ions back to their original locations
63
Q

how is the sped of propagation of the Action potential determined?

A

diameter of the acon, presence or absence of a myelin sheath

64
Q

what is the myelin sheath

A

an electric insulator that prevents current flow across membrane. the currents can only flow at breaks in the membrane

65
Q

what is synaptic transmission?

A

the space between neurons. When an action potential reaches the terminal buttons it caused the release of specialised chemicals called neuro transmitters that travel across the synaptic cleft and are received by the dendrites of other neurons

66
Q

what is the first step to the releasr of neurotransmitters from a terminal button?

A

before the action potential has arrived, the neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles within the terminal button

67
Q

what is the second stage of neurotransmitters from a terminal button?

A

the action potential triggers the release of the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft

68
Q

what is the third stage of neurotransmitters from a terminal button

A

The neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft. Some of them will attach to receptor molecules in the postsynaptic membrane and activate them, thus either inhibiting or enabling the postsynaptic neuron to generate an action potential.

69
Q

what are the steps to neurotransmitter action?

A
  1. neurotransmitter are synthesized from chemical building blocks called precursors
  2. neutrotransmitters are stored in vesicles
  3. ction potentials cause vesicles to fuse to the presynaptic membrane and release their contents into the synapse
  4. released neutransmitters bind to the postsynaptic receptors
  5. neurotransmission is terminated by reuptake, enzyme deactivation, or autoreception

PYB102 (12 decks)

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