Week 8 Flashcards by B Burr

Vitamines were named by Dr. __ __ in December of ___

Kazimerz Funk

1913

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Professor __ __ discovered the first vitamin, which was Vitamin __ in June of ___

Elmer McCollum
A
1913

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Witamin B1 AKA

Thiamine

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Vit B1 helps to maintain neural __ and nerve __, especially in __ nerves.

membranes
conduction
peripheral

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Most important source of B1 is the __ of __

husks

grains

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Refined grains __ B1, which may lead to ___ if only refined grains are included in diet.

lose

deficiency

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Vitamin B1 also helps prevent development of __

cancer

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___ competes with B1 in ___ functions and biochemical __

Alcohol
neural
reactions

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What 3 demographics of people are more likely to be B1 deficient?

Women in 1st trimester of pregnancy (b/c of vomiting)
Alcoholics (alcohol always wins vs. B1)
Fast-growing teens (use it faster)

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What are the 3 types of Beri-Beri? (B1 deficiency)

Dry Ber-Beri
Wet Beri-Beri
Wernicke-Korsakoff’s

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Beriberi was discovered by __ __

Christian Eijkman

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Dry Beriberi affects the __ __ and is characterized by non-specific __ __ with __ degeneration and disruption of all 3 neurological arcs. What are they?

nervous system
peripheral polyneuropathy
myelin
1)Sensory
2)Motor
3)Reflex

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What are the 3 primary manifestations of Dry Beriberi

Wrist Drop
Toe Drop
Foot Drop

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What are some other manifestations of Dry Beri-Beri?

Parasthesia
Numbness
Loss of reflexes

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Wet Beriberi affects the heart and is characterized by damage to the __ system. It causes __ of the heart with __ of the muscle wall AKA ___

Cardiovascular
enlargement
thinning
Flabby Myocardium

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What are some other symptoms of Wet Beriberi?

Peripheral Vasodilation
Cardiac Failure
Peripheral Edema
Dyspnea and Orthopnea

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Wernicke Encephalopathy leads to __ of the __ __ of the brain. Characterized by ___ problems.

atrophy
mamillary bodies
Psychological

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What are 5 signs of Wernicke’s?

Global Confusion
Apathy
Listlessness (Don’t care/ mental inertness)
Disorientation
Ophthalmoplegia (assymetrical eye motion/paralysis of eye muscles)

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Ophthalmoplegia is indicative of __ damage to the CNS. It results in __ eye movements and that patient is usually close to __ when this sign manifests.

Deep
irregular
death

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What are the 3 manifestations of Korsakoff’s?

Anterograde Amnesia (loss of memory of new events/info)
Inability to Acquire new Info.
Confabulation (excessive talking)

Pt may present with 1, 2, or all 3

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Vitamin B2 AKA

RIboflavin

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Vit B2 is usually seen in people with chronic ___ diseases, called __. 2 Examples?

debilitating
ariboflavinosis
1)Oncologic Diseases
2) Renal Diseases

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4 Signs of Ariboflavinosis

Cheilosis
Glossitis
Superficial Interstitial Keratitis
Dermatitis

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Cheilosis is __ in the corner of the mouth; may lead to infection and become __ (__ infection)

cracks
cheilitis
secondary

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Golssitis may lead to __ of tissue and loss of __

atrophy | taste

Superficial Interstitial Keratitis is __ of the cornea. Cornea is __ and relies on __ fluid and __ for nutrients and waste material.

hardening avascular intraocular tears

With a B2 deficiency, a __ net forms around and penetrates into the cornea resulting in __ and __ (__)

capillary inflammation damage ulceration

As the cornea begins to heal, __ is layed down and leads to __ and loss of vision (Irreversible)

CT | fibrosis

Vit B3 AKAs

Niacin Nicotinic Acid Nicotinamide

Vit B3 is used as a medicine for it's ___ ability. Can be produced via normal __ __ from __

vasodilation gut flora tryptophan

In plants, B3 is found but cannot be __ when eaten. B3 leads to decreased production of ___ and helps prevent __.

absorbed LDLs Arteriosclerosis

Deficiency of B3 results in __. What are the 4 signs?

Pellagra 1) Dermatits (Casal's Necklace/ Glove and stocking lesions) 2) Diarrhea (Atrophy of epithelial cells of mucosa) 3) Demetia (degeneration of cortical neurons) 4) Death *The 4 Ds*

Vit B6 AKA

Pyroxidine

Vit B6 is found in __ foods and is __

all | thermolabile (a small amount of heat will destroy)

Some medications compete with B6 in biochemical reactions and may lead to deficiency. What are they?

Izoniazid Estrogens D-Penicillamine

What are some signs and symptoms of B6 deficiency?

``` Cheilosis/cheilitis Glossitis Peripheral Polyneuropathy convulsions (esp. in infants/children) Increased sloughing of epithelial cells ```

With B6 deficiency, epithelial cells have __ life span and __ turnover.

decreased | rapid

B6 deficiency may lead to __ formation, which is the organic core of __ stones, in this case, a clump of epithelial cells from inside the __. Core then grows larger and larger in the __ __.

nidus urinary bladder Urinary tract

Increased sloughing of cells from B6 deficiency may also lead to __ __ which is characterized by dandruff and scaly or greasy squamous epithelial cells.

Seborrheic Dermatitis

Vitamin B12 AKAs

Cobalamin | Extrinsic Factor of Castle

B12 cannot be found in __ foods and cannot be __ directly.

plant | absorbed

When food is eaten, salivary glands secrete ___. This binds to __ and carries it from the __ to the __ where they dissociate.

R-binder B12 Stomach Duodenum

Stomach parietal cells produce and secrete __ __ which then moves to the __

intrinsic factor | duodenum

Once they are both in the duodenum, __ __ and __ __ bind and move into the __

intrinsic factor extrinsic factor ileum

The __ has receptors for intrinsic factor, where it binds and moves into the __ circulation where intrinsic and extrinsic factor __

ileum blood dissociate

2 causes of B12 deficiency

Diet | Autoimmune

3 Autoimmune causes of B12 Deficiency

Autoimmune chronic gastritis Blocking Antibodies Binding Antibodies

Autoimmune Chronic Gastritis: Immune system produces __ __ antibodies which destroy parietal cells in the stomach. Results in no production of ___ __ and B12 can't be absorbed.

parietal canalicular | intrinsic factor

Blocking Antibodies bind to __ __, blocking the receptor for B12 --> B12 can't bind to IF

Intrinsic Factor

Binding antibodies bind to __ for intrinsic factor in the ileum. If can't pass through the __ wall and enter blood circulation.

receptors | GI

Pernicious Anemia is decreased ___ or decreased __ or both. It is a type of __ anemia. What are the 2 types?

RBC hemoglobin 1)Vitamin B12 2Folic Acid

Myelin Degeneration: decreased rate of conduction. Results in _(4)_

Numbness TIngling Ataxia Paraplegia

In hematopoeisis, folic acid donates __ for __ in __ cells | Vitamin B12 activates ___.

carbon DNA blood tetrahydrafolate

Folic acid is eaten --> converted to __ in blood circulation --> __ converts monoglutamate into __ (active form)

monoglutamate Reductase Tetrahydrofolate

Tetrahydrofolate donates __ to DNA in blood cells --> Tetrahydrofolate is now in __ form

carbon | inactive

Vit B12 converts inactive tetrahydrofolate into active so that it can donate more __

carbon

Cycle from active to inactive continues __-__ times before tetrahydrofolate is discarded

10-12

With pernicious anemia, the __ are too large to fit in the __ so they would have to bend.

RBC | large

In pernicious anemia, the cell membranes are __ so the RC cannot enter capillaries--> decreased __ to the tissues

rigid | oxygen

Pancytopenia is the total __ in number of blood cells (RBCs, WBCs, Platelets)

decrease

Adding folic acid helps in a vitamin __ deficiency. This gives the patient __ to make DNA and the __ can only be used once.

B12 carbon tetrahydrofolate

Adding B12 DOES NOT help in a __ __ deficiency. If pt. is showing anemia due to folic acid deficiency, this means there is no ___. *Adding the activator does nothing if there is no tetrahydrofolate

Folic Acid | tetrahydrofolate

__ deficiency doesn't affect the nervous system but __ deficiency does.

Folic Acid | B12

Methotrexate inhibits __ and interferes with ___. Drug treatment purpose is to prevent __ of cancer cells.

reductase hematopoeisis replication

Vitamin C AKA

Ascorbic Acid

Vit C functions to ___ procollagen to become __, which makes connective tissue __ and increases __ strength

hydroxylate hydroxyproline strong tensile

Vitamin C also aids in synthesis of collagen __

peptides

Vit C is a powerful __ and works with __ __ and also reduces __ of __

antioxidant Vitamin E oxidation LDLs

Scurvy: Bleeding Diathesis is development of __ and __

petchiae | ecchymosis

Scurvy: Subperiosteal Hematoma are between __ and __, leads to bleeding into __ space --> __ destroys articular cartilage. Leads to __ OA.

``` periosteum bone joint iron secondary ```

Scurvy: Retrobulbar Hematoma: Blood behind __. Increased __ pushes eye forward --> loss of __

eyeball pressure vision

Scurvy: Skeletal changes- __ matrix is weak in kids leading to soft bones, or __. Can lead to protrusion of __, or shortened __ to hold teeth in

Osteoid rickets sternum alveoli

Scurvy can also lead to delayed __ healing

wound