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Pathology 1 > Week 8 > Flashcards

Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamines were named by Dr. __ __ in December of ___

A

Kazimerz Funk

1913

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2
Q

Professor __ __ discovered the first vitamin, which was Vitamin __ in June of ___

A

Elmer McCollum
A
1913

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3
Q

Witamin B1 AKA

A

Thiamine

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4
Q

Vit B1 helps to maintain neural __ and nerve __, especially in __ nerves.

A

membranes
conduction
peripheral

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5
Q

Most important source of B1 is the __ of __

A

husks

grains

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6
Q

Refined grains __ B1, which may lead to ___ if only refined grains are included in diet.

A

lose

deficiency

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7
Q

Vitamin B1 also helps prevent development of __

A

cancer

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8
Q

___ competes with B1 in ___ functions and biochemical __

A

Alcohol
neural
reactions

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9
Q

What 3 demographics of people are more likely to be B1 deficient?

A
  • Women in 1st trimester of pregnancy (b/c of vomiting)
  • Alcoholics (alcohol always wins vs. B1)
  • Fast-growing teens (use it faster)
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10
Q

What are the 3 types of Beri-Beri? (B1 deficiency)

A
  • Dry Ber-Beri
  • Wet Beri-Beri
  • Wernicke-Korsakoff’s
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11
Q

Beriberi was discovered by __ __

A

Christian Eijkman

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12
Q

Dry Beriberi affects the __ __ and is characterized by non-specific __ __ with __ degeneration and disruption of all 3 neurological arcs. What are they?

A 
nervous system
peripheral polyneuropathy
myelin
1)Sensory
2)Motor
3)Reflex
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13
Q

What are the 3 primary manifestations of Dry Beriberi

A

Wrist Drop
Toe Drop
Foot Drop

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14
Q

What are some other manifestations of Dry Beri-Beri?

A

Parasthesia
Numbness
Loss of reflexes

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15
Q

Wet Beriberi affects the heart and is characterized by damage to the __ system. It causes __ of the heart with __ of the muscle wall AKA ___

A

Cardiovascular
enlargement
thinning
Flabby Myocardium

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16
Q

What are some other symptoms of Wet Beriberi?

A

Peripheral Vasodilation
Cardiac Failure
Peripheral Edema
Dyspnea and Orthopnea

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17
Q

Wernicke Encephalopathy leads to __ of the __ __ of the brain. Characterized by ___ problems.

A

atrophy
mamillary bodies
Psychological

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18
Q

What are 5 signs of Wernicke’s?

A

Global Confusion
Apathy
Listlessness (Don’t care/ mental inertness)
Disorientation
Ophthalmoplegia (assymetrical eye motion/paralysis of eye muscles)

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19
Q

Ophthalmoplegia is indicative of __ damage to the CNS. It results in __ eye movements and that patient is usually close to __ when this sign manifests.

A

Deep
irregular
death

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20
Q

What are the 3 manifestations of Korsakoff’s?

A

Anterograde Amnesia (loss of memory of new events/info)
Inability to Acquire new Info.
Confabulation (excessive talking)

Pt may present with 1, 2, or all 3

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21
Q

Vitamin B2 AKA

A

RIboflavin

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22
Q

Vit B2 is usually seen in people with chronic ___ diseases, called __. 2 Examples?

A

debilitating
ariboflavinosis
1)Oncologic Diseases
2) Renal Diseases

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23
Q

4 Signs of Ariboflavinosis

A

Cheilosis
Glossitis
Superficial Interstitial Keratitis
Dermatitis

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24
Q

Cheilosis is __ in the corner of the mouth; may lead to infection and become __ (__ infection)

A

cracks
cheilitis
secondary

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25
Q

Golssitis may lead to __ of tissue and loss of __

A

atrophy

taste

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26
Q

Superficial Interstitial Keratitis is __ of the cornea. Cornea is __ and relies on __ fluid and __ for nutrients and waste material.

A

hardening
avascular
intraocular
tears

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27
Q

With a B2 deficiency, a __ net forms around and penetrates into the cornea resulting in __ and __ (__)

A

capillary
inflammation
damage
ulceration

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28
Q

As the cornea begins to heal, __ is layed down and leads to __ and loss of vision (Irreversible)

A

CT

fibrosis

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29
Q

Vit B3 AKAs

A

Niacin
Nicotinic Acid
Nicotinamide

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30
Q

Vit B3 is used as a medicine for it’s ___ ability. Can be produced via normal __ __ from __

A

vasodilation
gut flora
tryptophan

31
Q

In plants, B3 is found but cannot be __ when eaten. B3 leads to decreased production of ___ and helps prevent __.

A

absorbed
LDLs
Arteriosclerosis

32
Q

Deficiency of B3 results in __. What are the 4 signs?

A

Pellagra

1) Dermatits (Casal’s Necklace/ Glove and stocking lesions)
2) Diarrhea (Atrophy of epithelial cells of mucosa)
3) Demetia (degeneration of cortical neurons)
4) Death

The 4 Ds

33
Q

Vit B6 AKA

A

Pyroxidine

34
Q

Vit B6 is found in __ foods and is __

A

all

thermolabile (a small amount of heat will destroy)

35
Q

Some medications compete with B6 in biochemical reactions and may lead to deficiency. What are they?

A

Izoniazid
Estrogens
D-Penicillamine

36
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of B6 deficiency?

A 
Cheilosis/cheilitis
Glossitis
Peripheral Polyneuropathy
convulsions (esp. in infants/children)
Increased sloughing of epithelial cells
37
Q

With B6 deficiency, epithelial cells have __ life span and __ turnover.

A

decreased

rapid

38
Q

B6 deficiency may lead to __ formation, which is the organic core of __ stones, in this case, a clump of epithelial cells from inside the __. Core then grows larger and larger in the __ __.

A

nidus
urinary
bladder
Urinary tract

39
Q

Increased sloughing of cells from B6 deficiency may also lead to __ __ which is characterized by dandruff and scaly or greasy squamous epithelial cells.

A

Seborrheic Dermatitis

40
Q

Vitamin B12 AKAs

A

Cobalamin

Extrinsic Factor of Castle

41
Q

B12 cannot be found in __ foods and cannot be __ directly.

A

plant

absorbed

42
Q

When food is eaten, salivary glands secrete ___. This binds to __ and carries it from the __ to the __ where they dissociate.

A

R-binder
B12
Stomach
Duodenum

43
Q

Stomach parietal cells produce and secrete __ __ which then moves to the __

A

intrinsic factor

duodenum

44
Q

Once they are both in the duodenum, __ __ and __ __ bind and move into the __

A

intrinsic factor
extrinsic factor
ileum

45
Q

The __ has receptors for intrinsic factor, where it binds and moves into the __ circulation where intrinsic and extrinsic factor __

A

ileum
blood
dissociate

46
Q

2 causes of B12 deficiency

A

Diet

Autoimmune

47
Q

3 Autoimmune causes of B12 Deficiency

A

Autoimmune chronic gastritis
Blocking Antibodies
Binding Antibodies

48
Q

Autoimmune Chronic Gastritis: Immune system produces __ __ antibodies which destroy parietal cells in the stomach. Results in no production of ___ __ and B12 can’t be absorbed.

A

parietal canalicular

intrinsic factor

49
Q

Blocking Antibodies bind to __ __, blocking the receptor for B12 –> B12 can’t bind to IF

A

Intrinsic Factor

50
Q

Binding antibodies bind to __ for intrinsic factor in the ileum. If can’t pass through the __ wall and enter blood circulation.

A

receptors

GI

51
Q

Pernicious Anemia is decreased ___ or decreased __ or both. It is a type of __ anemia. What are the 2 types?

A

RBC
hemoglobin
1)Vitamin B12
2Folic Acid

52
Q

Myelin Degeneration: decreased rate of conduction. Results in (4)

A

Numbness
TIngling
Ataxia
Paraplegia

53
Q

In hematopoeisis, folic acid donates __ for __ in __ cells

Vitamin B12 activates ___.

A

carbon
DNA
blood
tetrahydrafolate

54
Q

Folic acid is eaten –> converted to __ in blood circulation –> __ converts monoglutamate into __ (active form)

A

monoglutamate
Reductase
Tetrahydrofolate

55
Q

Tetrahydrofolate donates __ to DNA in blood cells –> Tetrahydrofolate is now in __ form

A

carbon

inactive

56
Q

Vit B12 converts inactive tetrahydrofolate into active so that it can donate more __

A

carbon

57
Q

Cycle from active to inactive continues __-__ times before tetrahydrofolate is discarded

A

10-12

58
Q

With pernicious anemia, the __ are too large to fit in the __ so they would have to bend.

A

RBC

large

59
Q

In pernicious anemia, the cell membranes are __ so the RC cannot enter capillaries–> decreased __ to the tissues

A

rigid

oxygen

60
Q

Pancytopenia is the total __ in number of blood cells (RBCs, WBCs, Platelets)

A

decrease

61
Q

Adding folic acid helps in a vitamin __ deficiency. This gives the patient __ to make DNA and the __ can only be used once.

A

B12
carbon
tetrahydrofolate

62
Q

Adding B12 DOES NOT help in a __ __ deficiency. If pt. is showing anemia due to folic acid deficiency, this means there is no ___. *Adding the activator does nothing if there is no tetrahydrofolate

A

Folic Acid

tetrahydrofolate

63
Q

__ deficiency doesn’t affect the nervous system but __ deficiency does.

A

Folic Acid

B12

64
Q

Methotrexate inhibits __ and interferes with ___. Drug treatment purpose is to prevent __ of cancer cells.

A

reductase
hematopoeisis
replication

65
Q

Vitamin C AKA

A

Ascorbic Acid

66
Q

Vit C functions to ___ procollagen to become __, which makes connective tissue __ and increases __ strength

A

hydroxylate
hydroxyproline
strong
tensile

67
Q

Vitamin C also aids in synthesis of collagen __

A

peptides

68
Q

Vit C is a powerful __ and works with __ __ and also reduces __ of __

A

antioxidant
Vitamin E
oxidation
LDLs

69
Q

Scurvy: Bleeding Diathesis is development of __ and __

A

petchiae

ecchymosis

70
Q

Scurvy: Subperiosteal Hematoma are between __ and __, leads to bleeding into __ space –> __ destroys articular cartilage. Leads to __ OA.

A 
periosteum
bone
joint
iron
secondary
71
Q

Scurvy: Retrobulbar Hematoma: Blood behind __. Increased __ pushes eye forward –> loss of __

A

eyeball
pressure
vision

72
Q

Scurvy: Skeletal changes- __ matrix is weak in kids leading to soft bones, or __. Can lead to protrusion of __, or shortened __ to hold teeth in

A

Osteoid
rickets
sternum
alveoli

73
Q

Scurvy can also lead to delayed __ healing

A

wound

Pathology 1 (9 decks)

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