Week 7 Flashcards by B Burr

Lines of Zahn represent a special type of thrombi characterized by visible and microscopic __ produced by alternating layers. Pale layer composed of __ mixed with __ and dark layer composed of __

laminations
platelets
fibrin
RBCs

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Where are 2 areas where thrombi with lines of Zahn can be found?

Heart

Aorta (Usually Arch)

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Hemodynamic stress is normal __ and __ resulting in __, accelerated and strengthened by __

wear
tear
arteriosclerosis
hypertension

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Stretching of endothelial cells from the inner surface of blood vessel –> __ fibers are exposed –> __ formed

collagen

thrombus

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Atherosclerosis is caused by __ changes, such as formation of __ in __ walls.

specific
plaque
arterial

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___ thrombosis is caused by medical care, ex. ___ and __ into veins damage the endothelia resulting in thrombus formation

Latrogenic
Iv lines
Injections

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Decreased rate of flow causes a disruption in __ blood flow –> __ flow closer to the vessel wall

axial

platelets

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If walls have damage, __ are more likely to be activated because of their proximity to the __ wall –> __ formation

platelets
vessel
thrombus

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What are causes for decreased rate of flow in the Arterial system?

Cardiac Damage

Increased blood viscosity

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In a myocardial infarction, dead heart tissue heals/scars over with ___ tissue which is __-__ tissue –> Decreased __ __

fibrotic
non-contractile
cardiac output

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Where does a mural thrombus form?

In the chambers of the heart

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Rheumatic Heart disease: ___ stenosis slows blood flow in the __ __–> __ formation likely; usually leads to __

Mitral
Left Atrium
Thrombus
Death

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What are 2 possible causes of increased blood viscosity?

Psoriatic Arthritis

Polycythemia

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Polycytemia is increased ___ (Usually - million/mm3) up to double the normal amount ; increased __ with the vascular wall

RBCs
3-5
friction

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What are some causes of decreased rate of flow in the venous system?

Physical Inactivity
Varicose veins
Turbulence

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Physical Inactivity predisposes to thrombus especially in the __ __. __ __ is required to return blood flow to the heart . __% of thrombi form in the deep veins of the leg.

lower legs
Muscle contraction
90

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Varicose veins prevent __ of the valves because the walls of the veins __ and the valves are not effective and flow goes without __

closure
separate
restriction

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Turbulence may be due to narrowed or expanded __

lumen

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What are some pathologies associated with hypercoagulation

Extensive burns
Some kidney diseases
heart failure
Widespread tumor growth

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Birth control pills cause __

hypercoagulation

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What is sequela/ae?

Pathological Consequences of an event

What are the sequelae of thrombosis?

Resolution
Organization
Recanalization
Propagation
Infarction
Embolism

In resolution, Thrombus disappears due to high __ function in the blood, therefore __ dangerous sequelae but have a high chance to develop another __

fibrinolytic
least
thrombus

Recanalization is when reorganization leads to formation of __ within the thrombus.

canal

Propogation is enlargement of thrombus in areas open to __ __ and their activation; therefore usually in __ where flow is slow and there are __

clotting factors veins bifurcations

___ infarct develops in tissues with one blood vessel supply. What is an example?

White | Heart: Coronary Artery

___ infarct develops in tissues with two or more blood vessels supplying it. What is an example?

Red | Lungs: Pulmonary and Bronchial Arteries

Myocardial Infarction is characterized by __ necrosis followed by replacement of the lost tissue by __

coagulative | CT

__ is most common area for stroke. This is associated with __ necrosis with __ formation. __ cells are responsible for repair.

Brain liquefactive cavity Neuroglia

___ is the process of repair via neuroglia in the brain. This does not __ which is advantageous for the brain.

Gliosis | shrink

___ is the most common factor leading to infarction

Arthrosclerosis

Vasculitis is inflammation of vessel wall due to __ disease, possibly poor __, and leads to decreased __ size and __

autoimmune diet lumen ischemia

___ artery is most prone to Arteritis. (Vasculitis of artery) What are 3 AKAs?

Temporal Giant Cell Arteritis Acute/Chronic Granulomatous Vasculitis Horton's Disease

Treatment of vasculitis includes __ therapy for ~__ month(s)

Corticosteroid (Prednisone) | 1

Arterial Infarction is often accompanied by __ __/ seen in __% of patients. This causes pain in the Proximal regions of __ and __ muscles

Polymyalgia Rheumatic 50 hip shoulder

Infarct in ophthalmic artery may lead to temporary or permanent loss of __. __ artery is also often involved in infarction

vision | vertebral

Paraesophageal hernia is when __ protrudes through diaphragm into __ cavity.

stomach | thoracic

In paraesophageal hernia, With flexion/compression of the diaphragm, __ of the stomach are __ preventng outflow of venous blood. This leads to increased __ pressure in the veins. This can continue until the pressure of arteries and veins are equal and blood is in __

veins occluded hydrostatic stasis

Sheehan's Syndrome AKA

Postpartum syndrome

Anterior Pituitary receives blood via __ __. During normal pregnancy, the ant pit __ due to increased hormone demand. After delivery the ant pit undergoes __ due to decreased hormonal need.

venous plexus hypertrophies shrinkage

Sheehan's Syndrome: If complications occur during birth that result in ___ from the entire uterus, the body responds with ___ throughout the body --> __ of venous plexus --> __ and loss of __ of ant. pit.

``` hemorrhaging vasoconstriciton constriction necrosis function ```

4 factors affecting infarction

Tissue vulnerability to hypoxia Pattern of vascular supply Oxygen delivery capacity of the blood Rate of occlusion development

And Embolus is an __ mass moving with the bloodstream. anything other than __(4)__

``` Abnormal Serum WBCs RBCs Platelets ```

What is the most common type of embolism?

Thromboembolism- piece of embolism breaks off

Venous thromboembolisms can easily flow to the __ because lumen size increases as it approaches. Once it reaches the __ __, it stops and obstructs blood flow. In venous system, always ends in __

heart lung capillaries lung

GI venous thromboembolism is due to GI __ and first travels to __ via __ __ vein and stops in __ __

tumor liver hepatic portal liver capillaries

Arterial thromboembolism forms in the __ __. Whats are 3 possible heart sources of the thrombus?

Left Atrium Mitral Stenosis Bacterial Endocarditis Artificial valve

Fat embolismcomes from __ bone fracture and enters the __ circulation and travels towards the __

long venous lungs

Fat embolism can cross __ and travel in __ direction towards the brain and causing __ brain hemorrhages

capillaries reverse purpuric

Air embolism must be at least __mL. Gas within the vessels would __ pressure. ___ __ is a pathology in which air embolism blocks blood flow.

300 increase Air Lock

Bends AKAs

Diver's Disease | Caisson Disease

Bends is characterized by __ changes and changes in concentration of __ in blood due to pressure change; appearance of gas in blood circulation. Pt's __ side needs to be up--> gas in __ so you can breathe it out.

altutude Nitrogen RIght Pulmonary