Week 3 Flashcards by B Burr

Graves disease is characterized by __ that act like __, which __ the thyroid TSH receptors. This results in ___.

antibodies
TSH
over stimulate
Hyperthyroidism

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Whats is a major sign of Grave’s Disease? Which gender does Grave’s affect the most?

Exopthalmos- Bulging of the eyes

Females

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What are the 4 structural reversible changes discussed in lecture?

Loss of RIbosomes
Damage/ Swelling of the Mitochondria (or other organelles)
Blebs (pouching of membrane, bulge of cytoplasm)
Myelin Figures (dissection of cell membrane)

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How many blebs may be present before it is irreversible?

1-3

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How many Myelin figures may be present before it is irreversible?

1-2

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The telltale sign that cell death has occured is destruction of the ___. What are the 3 types discussed in class and what do they mean?

Nucleus
Karyolysis- dissolution of nucleus
Pyknosis- Condensing of nucleus
Karryorrhexis- Fragmenting of the nucleus

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Necrosed tissue is normally digested by cell ___ enzymes, expelled upon cell __; with some __ occurring as well. (normal immune response)

lysosomal
injury
phagocytosis

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Coagulative necrosis implies the preservation of the __ __ of the ___ ___ for a span of at least some ___.

basic outline
coagulated cells
days

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Difference between white and red infarct

White occurs in tissue with only one blood supply (heart, spleen)
red occurs in tissue with at least a dual blood supply . (lung, liver, intestine)

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Liquefaction necrosis is __ digestion of dead cells, resulting in transformation of these tissues into a ___ ___ ___

complete digestion

liquid viscous mass

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Liquefaction necrosis can often occur in the ___. The term ___ ___ is used when the brain tissue goes into liquefaction. When this occurs, __ form in the brain which fill with __ and ___ colored tissue.

CNS
Ischemic stroke
cavities
CSF
white

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Casseous necrosis is described by __ granular debris seemingly composed of fragmented __ cells AND amorphous granular debris enclosed within a distinct ___ border, known as a __ reaction.

amorphous
coagulated
border
Granulomatous

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2 examples of Casseous necrosis

Tuberculosis and Leprosy

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Tuberculosis is a __ infection caused by the bacteria ___ ___. It causes massive __ of lung tissue, causing profuse ___.

lung
Myobacterium Tuberculosis
melting
hemorrhage

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Gummatous necrosis only occurs in ___, caused by ___ ___

Syphilis (tertiary)

Treponema Pallidum

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Where does Syphilis develop?

Posterior Columns and horns of spinal cord

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___ ___ is the term for the involvement of the spinal cord in tertiary syhilis

Tabes Dorsalis

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Syphilis can cause atrophy of the white/gray matter of the brain , leading to __ dysfunction. This is known as ___ aka ___

neurological
General paresis
General paresis of insane

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Zenker’s necrosis is __ or __ necrosis of __ muscles in acute __ diseases.

waxy
glassy
skeletal
infectious

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What are common causes of Zenker’s necrosis?

*Typhoid
Animal bites
muscle trauma

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Typhoid is a dangerous ___ disease, usually acquired from contaminated __ or __. It is the __ most contagious disease.

GI
hands
water
3rd

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Fat (Steatonecrosis) is characterized by the formation of __ soaps, produced when fat is hydrolyzed into ___ and ___

calcium
Glycerol
Fatty acids

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Pancreonecrosis is an example of ___ necrosis and occurs when __ stone blocks __ and leads to degradation of ___.

Fat
gallbladder
bile ducts
pancreas

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Fibrinoid necrosis occurs in the walls of ___ when ___ and ___ cells are injured and ___.

blood vessels
endothelial
smooth muscle
dying

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Example of Fibrinoid necrosis discussed in class is ___- this is necrosis within the ___ muscle, seen in ___ ___

Aschoff's Node Heart Rheumatic Myocarditis

Gangrene is a form of ___ necrosis and characterized by the presence of __ products of __ bacterial metabolism

Coagulative noxious anaerobic

Dry gangrene is a condition where coagulation is ___. It can occur due to what conditions?

sustained Diabetes Mellitus Atherosclerosis Ischemia

Dry Gangrene is seen in which pathologies discussed in lecture?

Systemic Sclerosis | Buerger's Disease

Systemic Sclerosis AKA

Scleroderma

Buerger's Disease AKA

Thromboangiitis Obliterans

Syetemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma) is characterized by overproduction of __ at the distal ___, obliterating distal ___.

collagen finger tips blood vessels

Buerger's DIsease (Thromnboangiitis Obliterans) is characterized by ___ of the arteries and veins. Often occurs in ___.

Vasculitis | Smokers

Wet Gangrene occurs if the ___ of invading ___ cells break down the necrotic debris and produce some ___.

enzymes phagocytic liquefaction

5 examples of Wet Gangrene discussed in lecture

- Bed Sores - Blockage of blood flow, usually venous - Presence of numerous bacteria (Clostridium Perfringes & Bascillus Fusiformis) - Intestinal Necrosis - Polyarteritis Nodosa

Intestinal Necrosis is ___ gangrene, anaerobic bacteria in ___, __ of blood supply or ___.

traditional wound obstruction herniation

Polyarteritis Nodosa definition and AKA

Systemic vasculitis of fingers | AKA Naked Bones

Gas gangrene is a bacterial infection that produces gas within the ___. What type of bacteria cause it?

tissues | Anaerobic Streptococci

Normal Apoptosis is the programmed destruction of cells during __ and __.

Embryogenesis | Menstruation

Pathological Apoptosis is due to cell injury in ___ diseases, and ___ death during acute ___.

viral neutrophil inflammation

Anthracosis (AKA ___) is the accumulation of dust, coal dust, or pollution within the _(3)_. This causes a specific reaction and inflammation, then tissue is replaced by ___ tissue.

Coal Workers Pneumoconiosis Lungs, Bronchioles, Lymph Nodes Non-functional

Pneumoconiosis means a pathology of the lungs caused by ___ after inhaling some particle

Scarring (fibrosis)

Lipofuscin (___) represents complexes of __ and __ derived from free-radical peroxidation of ___ fats of subcellular membranes

Lipochrome protein lipid polyunsaturated

Lipofuscin occurs due to __ or tissue __ from injury. Its a __ color and is not dangerous within the body.

aging atrophy brown-yellow

Homosiderin accumulates in tissues where there is a local or systemic excess of ___ and represents large aggregates of ___ (protein) micelles.

Iron | ferritin

Hemosiderin commonly accumulates in what organs?

``` Spleen- breaking down RBC's Pancreas RBCs Pituitary/Thyroid/Sex glands Liver ```

Hemosiderosis is associated with a local excess (___ overload) of ___ accumulation in organs and tissue; can change the ___ of these tissues/organs but ___ is not affected.

Systemic hemosiderin pigment function

Hemosiderosis can be due to what? (3)

Bruising/hematoma Hemolytic Anemia Blood transfusion reaction

Normal amount of Iron in the body is __-__ grams. ~1 g of that is in the __ alone. The body can handle __-__g can lead to tissue damage.

2-5 liver (Dr. B said 98% of Fe is in liver) 20 20-50

Hereditary Hemochromatosis is the __ cause, major __ disease in __ where there is an increased in iron absorption from the ___.

primary genetic males GI tract

Hereditary Hemochromatosis can cause what kinds of damage?

Liver cirrhosis- due to stimulation of CT formation by Fe Pancreas Damage- killing of islets (insulin producing) resulting in diabetes DNA damage- cause neoplasms, hepatoma (liver cancer)

Secondary Hemochromatosis is an __ systemic overload; main cause is __ __, obtained from ingesting an alcoholic beverage from ___ __ __, which is produced in steel barrels and iron is absorbed from the walls.

acquired Bantu Siderosis Central West Africa

Wilson's Disease AKA

Hepatolenticular Degeneration

Wilson's Disease is an accumulation of __ in the body. This is a __ disease and is predominant in __.

Copper genetic Males

In WIlson's DIsease, __ is unable to leave the liver, so accumulation occurs. What are the pathologies associated with Wilson's?

Ceruloplasmin | -Liver Cirrhosis, Brain damage, accumulation in eyes

Wilson's can cause damage to the __ of the brain, causing __-style symptoms.

striatum | Parkinson's

Wilson's can cause accumulation of Cu where in the eye? What is this known as?

Limbus of Cornea | Kayser-Fleischer Rings

Treatment of Wilson's: _____: chelates the copper from cells, but has __ affect (prevent cell replication)

D-penicillamine | cytostatic

2 types of Calcification

Dystrophic | Matastatic

Dystrophic calcification is deposition of calcium salts into __ or __ tissue

Atrophic | Necrotic

Ghon's Focus occurs when TB bacteria (___ ___) results in ___ necrosis, which the immune system surrounds with lymphocytes. This region undergoes ___ and can be seen on an x-ray of the lungs.

Myobacterium Tuberculosis casseous calcification

Systemic sclerosis is overproduction of __, replacing normal tissues and calcification of ___ tissue. Pt will present with lack of ability to show ___. This is an example of __ calcification.

CT atrophic emotion dystrophic

Sclerodactyly occurs when the soft tissue of the ___ has a __ look, due to __ calcification.

hand contracted (claw-like) dystrophic

Rheumatic Fever is atrophy of the ___, specifically __ valves, due to __ calcification

Heart Aortic Dystrophic

Metastatic calcification is deposition of calcium salt in any tissue other than that which is __ or __. Pt will present with ___. Ex. is ___.

atrophic necrotic hypercalcemia Kidney Stones

Causes of Metastatic Calcification

- Increased secretion of PTH - Destruction of bone - Vitamin D related disorders - Renal Failure- secondary Hyperparathyroidism (PTH)

Accelerated bone turnover is called...

Paget's DIsease

List the organs in order of most to least succeptibility to ischemia

Brain (Most) Myocardium Liver,Spleen, Lung Liver (least)

Tissues with high mitotic rates are very vulnerable to ___ ___. What are the examples mentioned in lecture?

``` Ionizing Radiation Leukemia Gonads Hair Follicles Epithelial cells ```

Viruses are __ and __ are unable to respond. What word means attraction of cells to a particular virus?

intracellular antibodies Tropism

3 examples of Viral Infections discussed in lecture

HIV Polio (Poliomyelitis) Rabies

HIV attacks ___ receptor cells, can lead to AIDS>

CD4 (T-helper macrophages)

Polio virus resides in the __ __ of the spinal cord, interrupting __ and __ functions of this area.

Anterior Horn motor trophic

Rabies virus crawls along the ___, affecting nervous tissue. Transferred via ___ and __ is only cure. Associated with ___.

Neurons animal bite vaccination Hydrophobia