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Pathology 1 > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Graves disease is characterized by __ that act like __, which __ the thyroid TSH receptors. This results in ___.

A

antibodies
TSH
over stimulate
Hyperthyroidism

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2
Q

Whats is a major sign of Grave’s Disease? Which gender does Grave’s affect the most?

A

Exopthalmos- Bulging of the eyes

Females

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3
Q

What are the 4 structural reversible changes discussed in lecture?

A
  1. Loss of RIbosomes
  2. Damage/ Swelling of the Mitochondria (or other organelles)
  3. Blebs (pouching of membrane, bulge of cytoplasm)
  4. Myelin Figures (dissection of cell membrane)
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4
Q

How many blebs may be present before it is irreversible?

A

1-3

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5
Q

How many Myelin figures may be present before it is irreversible?

A

1-2

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6
Q

The telltale sign that cell death has occured is destruction of the ___. What are the 3 types discussed in class and what do they mean?

A

Nucleus
Karyolysis- dissolution of nucleus
Pyknosis- Condensing of nucleus
Karryorrhexis- Fragmenting of the nucleus

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7
Q

Necrosed tissue is normally digested by cell ___ enzymes, expelled upon cell __; with some __ occurring as well. (normal immune response)

A

lysosomal
injury
phagocytosis

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8
Q

Coagulative necrosis implies the preservation of the __ __ of the ___ ___ for a span of at least some ___.

A

basic outline
coagulated cells
days

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9
Q

Difference between white and red infarct

A
  • White occurs in tissue with only one blood supply (heart, spleen)
  • red occurs in tissue with at least a dual blood supply . (lung, liver, intestine)
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10
Q

Liquefaction necrosis is __ digestion of dead cells, resulting in transformation of these tissues into a ___ ___ ___

A

complete digestion

liquid viscous mass

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11
Q

Liquefaction necrosis can often occur in the ___. The term ___ ___ is used when the brain tissue goes into liquefaction. When this occurs, __ form in the brain which fill with __ and ___ colored tissue.

A 
CNS
Ischemic stroke
cavities
CSF
white
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12
Q

Casseous necrosis is described by __ granular debris seemingly composed of fragmented __ cells AND amorphous granular debris enclosed within a distinct ___ border, known as a __ reaction.

A

amorphous
coagulated
border
Granulomatous

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13
Q

2 examples of Casseous necrosis

A

Tuberculosis and Leprosy

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14
Q

Tuberculosis is a __ infection caused by the bacteria ___ ___. It causes massive __ of lung tissue, causing profuse ___.

A

lung
Myobacterium Tuberculosis
melting
hemorrhage

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15
Q

Gummatous necrosis only occurs in ___, caused by ___ ___

A

Syphilis (tertiary)

Treponema Pallidum

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16
Q

Where does Syphilis develop?

A

Posterior Columns and horns of spinal cord

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17
Q

___ ___ is the term for the involvement of the spinal cord in tertiary syhilis

A

Tabes Dorsalis

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18
Q

Syphilis can cause atrophy of the white/gray matter of the brain , leading to __ dysfunction. This is known as ___ aka ___

A

neurological
General paresis
General paresis of insane

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19
Q

Zenker’s necrosis is __ or __ necrosis of __ muscles in acute __ diseases.

A

waxy
glassy
skeletal
infectious

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20
Q

What are common causes of Zenker’s necrosis?

A

*Typhoid
Animal bites
muscle trauma

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21
Q

Typhoid is a dangerous ___ disease, usually acquired from contaminated __ or __. It is the __ most contagious disease.

A

GI
hands
water
3rd

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22
Q

Fat (Steatonecrosis) is characterized by the formation of __ soaps, produced when fat is hydrolyzed into ___ and ___

A

calcium
Glycerol
Fatty acids

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23
Q

Pancreonecrosis is an example of ___ necrosis and occurs when __ stone blocks __ and leads to degradation of ___.

A

Fat
gallbladder
bile ducts
pancreas

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24
Q

Fibrinoid necrosis occurs in the walls of ___ when ___ and ___ cells are injured and ___.

A

blood vessels
endothelial
smooth muscle
dying

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25
Q

Example of Fibrinoid necrosis discussed in class is ___- this is necrosis within the ___ muscle, seen in ___ ___

A

Aschoff’s Node
Heart
Rheumatic Myocarditis

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26
Q

Gangrene is a form of ___ necrosis and characterized by the presence of __ products of __ bacterial metabolism

A

Coagulative
noxious
anaerobic

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27
Q

Dry gangrene is a condition where coagulation is ___. It can occur due to what conditions?

A

sustained
Diabetes Mellitus
Atherosclerosis
Ischemia

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28
Q

Dry Gangrene is seen in which pathologies discussed in lecture?

A

Systemic Sclerosis

Buerger’s Disease

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29
Q

Systemic Sclerosis AKA

A

Scleroderma

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30
Q

Buerger’s Disease AKA

A

Thromboangiitis Obliterans

31
Q

Syetemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma) is characterized by overproduction of __ at the distal ___, obliterating distal ___.

A

collagen
finger tips
blood vessels

32
Q

Buerger’s DIsease (Thromnboangiitis Obliterans) is characterized by ___ of the arteries and veins. Often occurs in ___.

A

Vasculitis

Smokers

33
Q

Wet Gangrene occurs if the ___ of invading ___ cells break down the necrotic debris and produce some ___.

A

enzymes
phagocytic
liquefaction

34
Q

5 examples of Wet Gangrene discussed in lecture

A
  • Bed Sores
  • Blockage of blood flow, usually venous
  • Presence of numerous bacteria (Clostridium Perfringes & Bascillus Fusiformis)
  • Intestinal Necrosis
  • Polyarteritis Nodosa
35
Q

Intestinal Necrosis is ___ gangrene, anaerobic bacteria in ___, __ of blood supply or ___.

A

traditional
wound
obstruction
herniation

36
Q

Polyarteritis Nodosa definition and AKA

A

Systemic vasculitis of fingers

AKA Naked Bones

37
Q

Gas gangrene is a bacterial infection that produces gas within the ___. What type of bacteria cause it?

A

tissues

Anaerobic Streptococci

38
Q

Normal Apoptosis is the programmed destruction of cells during __ and __.

A

Embryogenesis

Menstruation

39
Q

Pathological Apoptosis is due to cell injury in ___ diseases, and ___ death during acute ___.

A

viral
neutrophil
inflammation

40
Q

Anthracosis (AKA ___) is the accumulation of dust, coal dust, or pollution within the (3). This causes a specific reaction and inflammation, then tissue is replaced by ___ tissue.

A

Coal Workers Pneumoconiosis
Lungs, Bronchioles, Lymph Nodes
Non-functional

41
Q

Pneumoconiosis means a pathology of the lungs caused by ___ after inhaling some particle

A

Scarring (fibrosis)

42
Q

Lipofuscin (___) represents complexes of __ and __ derived from free-radical peroxidation of ___ fats of subcellular membranes

A

Lipochrome
protein
lipid
polyunsaturated

43
Q

Lipofuscin occurs due to __ or tissue __ from injury. Its a __ color and is not dangerous within the body.

A

aging
atrophy
brown-yellow

44
Q

Homosiderin accumulates in tissues where there is a local or systemic excess of ___ and represents large aggregates of ___ (protein) micelles.

A

Iron

ferritin

45
Q

Hemosiderin commonly accumulates in what organs?

A 
Spleen- breaking down RBC's
Pancreas
RBCs
Pituitary/Thyroid/Sex glands
Liver
46
Q

Hemosiderosis is associated with a local excess (___ overload) of ___ accumulation in organs and tissue; can change the ___ of these tissues/organs but ___ is not affected.

A

Systemic
hemosiderin
pigment
function

47
Q

Hemosiderosis can be due to what? (3)

A

Bruising/hematoma
Hemolytic Anemia
Blood transfusion reaction

48
Q

Normal amount of Iron in the body is __-__ grams. ~1 g of that is in the __ alone. The body can handle __-__g can lead to tissue damage.

A

2-5
liver (Dr. B said 98% of Fe is in liver)
20
20-50

49
Q

Hereditary Hemochromatosis is the __ cause, major __ disease in __ where there is an increased in iron absorption from the ___.

A

primary
genetic
males
GI tract

50
Q

Hereditary Hemochromatosis can cause what kinds of damage?

A

Liver cirrhosis- due to stimulation of CT formation by Fe
Pancreas Damage- killing of islets (insulin producing) resulting in diabetes
DNA damage- cause neoplasms, hepatoma (liver cancer)

51
Q

Secondary Hemochromatosis is an __ systemic overload; main cause is __ __, obtained from ingesting an alcoholic beverage from ___ __ __, which is produced in steel barrels and iron is absorbed from the walls.

A

acquired
Bantu Siderosis
Central West Africa

52
Q

Wilson’s Disease AKA

A

Hepatolenticular Degeneration

53
Q

Wilson’s Disease is an accumulation of __ in the body. This is a __ disease and is predominant in __.

A

Copper
genetic
Males

54
Q

In WIlson’s DIsease, __ is unable to leave the liver, so accumulation occurs. What are the pathologies associated with Wilson’s?

A

Ceruloplasmin

-Liver Cirrhosis, Brain damage, accumulation in eyes

55
Q

Wilson’s can cause damage to the __ of the brain, causing __-style symptoms.

A

striatum

Parkinson’s

56
Q

Wilson’s can cause accumulation of Cu where in the eye? What is this known as?

A

Limbus of Cornea

Kayser-Fleischer Rings

57
Q

Treatment of Wilson’s: _____: chelates the copper from cells, but has __ affect (prevent cell replication)

A

D-penicillamine

cytostatic

58
Q

2 types of Calcification

A

Dystrophic

Matastatic

59
Q

Dystrophic calcification is deposition of calcium salts into __ or __ tissue

A

Atrophic

Necrotic

60
Q

Ghon’s Focus occurs when TB bacteria (___ ___) results in ___ necrosis, which the immune system surrounds with lymphocytes. This region undergoes ___ and can be seen on an x-ray of the lungs.

A

Myobacterium Tuberculosis
casseous
calcification

61
Q

Systemic sclerosis is overproduction of __, replacing normal tissues and calcification of ___ tissue. Pt will present with lack of ability to show ___. This is an example of __ calcification.

A

CT
atrophic
emotion
dystrophic

62
Q

Sclerodactyly occurs when the soft tissue of the ___ has a __ look, due to __ calcification.

A

hand
contracted (claw-like)
dystrophic

63
Q

Rheumatic Fever is atrophy of the ___, specifically __ valves, due to __ calcification

A

Heart
Aortic
Dystrophic

64
Q

Metastatic calcification is deposition of calcium salt in any tissue other than that which is __ or __. Pt will present with ___. Ex. is ___.

A

atrophic
necrotic
hypercalcemia
Kidney Stones

65
Q

Causes of Metastatic Calcification

A
  • Increased secretion of PTH
  • Destruction of bone
  • Vitamin D related disorders
  • Renal Failure- secondary Hyperparathyroidism (PTH)
66
Q

Accelerated bone turnover is called…

A

Paget’s DIsease

67
Q

List the organs in order of most to least succeptibility to ischemia

A

Brain (Most)
Myocardium
Liver,Spleen, Lung
Liver (least)

68
Q

Tissues with high mitotic rates are very vulnerable to ___ ___. What are the examples mentioned in lecture?

A 
Ionizing Radiation
Leukemia
Gonads
Hair Follicles
Epithelial cells
69
Q

Viruses are __ and __ are unable to respond. What word means attraction of cells to a particular virus?

A

intracellular
antibodies
Tropism

70
Q

3 examples of Viral Infections discussed in lecture

A

HIV
Polio (Poliomyelitis)
Rabies

71
Q

HIV attacks ___ receptor cells, can lead to AIDS>

A

CD4 (T-helper macrophages)

72
Q

Polio virus resides in the __ __ of the spinal cord, interrupting __ and __ functions of this area.

A

Anterior Horn
motor
trophic

73
Q

Rabies virus crawls along the ___, affecting nervous tissue. Transferred via ___ and __ is only cure. Associated with ___.

A

Neurons
animal bite
vaccination
Hydrophobia

Pathology 1 (9 decks)

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