Week 1

Question 1

The cause of disease or suffering

Answer 1

Etiology

Question 2

Acute cystitis is dramatic inflammation of the ___. Etiological Agent is ___.

Answer 2

Bladder

E. Coli

Question 3

Influenza Pneumonia is infectious inflammation of __ tissue. Etiological agent is ___.

Answer 3

Lung

Influenza

Question 4

Diseases in which the cause is unknown

Answer 4

Idiopathic Diseases

Question 5

Ankylosing Spondylitis (Idiopathic disease) aka

Answer 5

Bamboo Spine

Question 6

Ankylosing Spondylitis causes (2)

Answer 6

Inflammation of joints

Leads to fusion of vertebral body/ spine

Question 7

Hyperostosis (Idiopathis disease) AKAs

Answer 7

DISH (diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis)

Foresteir’s Disease

Question 8

Hyperostosis leads to…

Answer 8

fusion and ossification of the ALL

Question 9

Huntington’s (Genetic) is classified by loss of motor function due to loss of ___ and degeneration of ___, and enlargement of ___.

Answer 9

Motor Neurons
Basal Ganglia
Ventricles

Question 10

Chorea Defitnition

Answer 10

Rapid, jerky, involuntary movements of face and extremities

Question 11

Dementia Definition

Answer 11

Progressive mental impairment

Question 12

Cause of congenital diseases

Answer 12

Genetic information is intact, but other factors in the embryo’s intrauterine environment interfere with normal development.

Question 13

Toxoplasmosis (congenital) is caused by the protozoa ___ that is commonly found in ___ feces

Answer 13

Toxoplasma Gondii

Cat

Question 14

Teratogen Definition

Answer 14

An agent that causes physical Abnormality in a developing embryo or fetus

Question 15

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (Congenital) is a birth defect resulting from high alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy and has the highest teratogenic effect in the ___ and ___ of pregnancy. Risk decreases after this.

Answer 15

1st 3 days

1st trimester

Question 16

__ was developed as a sleeping drug in the late ’50s in Germany and administered to women to prevent morning sickness but proved to have many teratogenic effects including children born with missing or disformed extremities or born with only one eye.

Answer 16

Thalidomine

Question 17

Herpetic Rash (acquired) is caused by the ___ virus.

Answer 17

Herpes Zoster

Question 18

Shingles is caused by the ___ virus and , which also causes chickenpox. This occurs when the immune system is weakened and follows ___. It usually affects 1/2 of the body and is associated with severe pain.

Answer 18

Varicella- Zoster

Dermatomes

Question 19

___ affect the immune system and leave an individual more prone to shingles

Answer 19

Corticosteroids

Question 20

Emphysema (Acquired) is often seen with smokers and is associated with lung ___ due to rupture and damage of ___. Results in shortness of breath and in severe cases can lead to ___ and/or ___ failure.

Answer 20

Consolidation
Alveoli
Respiratiory
Heart

Question 21

2 bacteria associated with Parameningeal Infection (Acquired)

Answer 21

Staphylococcus Aureus

Streptococcus Pyogenes

Question 22

Parameningeal Infection is communicated through the __ of the face and brain. It can be fatal in some cases, or leads to spreading of infection and damage/scarring of the ___.

Answer 22

veins

skin

Question 23

Symptom Definition

Answer 23

Subjective finding that a patient says they are experiencing

Ex. pain, nausea, headache

Question 24

Sign Definition

Answer 24

Objective finding that can be measured or seen

Ex. High BP, Fever, Rash`

Question 25

A collection/group of signs and symptoms associated with a particular disease

Answer 25

Syndrome

Question 26

Raynaud's Syndrome Description

Answer 26

Vasoplastic contractions of distal vessels

Question 27

Raynaud's Syndrome 1st stage

Answer 27

Contraction of arteries --> fingers/toes appear white

Question 28

Raynaud's Syndrome 2nd stage

Answer 28

Contraction of veins --> Fingers/toes appear blue

Question 29

Raynaud's Syndrome 3rd stage

Answer 29

Relaxation of vessels and blood returns --> Fingers/toes appear red

Question 30

Sjogren's Syndrome description ( 3 things)

Answer 30

Autoimmune to exocrine glands Most common in females over 35 years Total dryness of mucous membranes due to damage of exocrine glands

Question 31

3 classic signs of Sjogren's syndrome

Answer 31

Xerostomia- dry mouth due to inflammation of sublingual gland Xerophthalmia- dry eyes due to inflammation of lacrimal gland Bilateral Parotitis (Hamster appearance)- Inflamed Parotid glands

Question 32

What is the word meaning Pattern of disease development

Answer 32

Pathogenesis

Question 33

Acute Disease Description

Answer 33

- Develops rapidly/suddenly and usually of short duration (5-7 days) - May or may not be severe - Ex. Virus or cold

Question 34

Subacute disease Description

Answer 34

- Rare classification | - Between 1-6 weeks in duration

Question 35

Chronic DIsease Description

Answer 35

- Slow and serious Development (months to years) | - Symptoms persist for a long time --> Duration > 6 weeks

Question 36

Local Disease Description

Answer 36

- Confined to one organ/region of the body | - Ex. Stomach Cancer

Question 37

Systemic Disease Description

Answer 37

- Involves multiple organs or systems | - Ex. Metastasized stomach cancer

Question 38

Focal Damage Description

Answer 38

- Limited to one or more distant dites within a diseased organ - Ex. One tumor in stomach

Question 39

Diffuse Damage description

Answer 39

- Uniformly distributed damage within a diseased organ (entire organ affected) - Ex. Entire stomach is cancerous

Question 40

Identification of a patient's specific disease

Answer 40

Diagnosis

Question 41

Prediction of a particular disease's outcome

Answer 41

Prognosis

Question 42

3 causes of cell injury

Answer 42

Defeciency Intoxification Trauma

Question 43

Primary Nutrient Deficiency

Answer 43

Simple absence of nutrient component(s) in food

Question 44

Pellagra is a ____ deficiency, resulting in ___

Answer 44

``` Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Casel's Necklace Dermatitis ```

Question 45

Secondary Nutrient Deficiency

Answer 45

Components are in food but can't be absorbed

Question 46

Vitamin B12 deficiency results in ___. Vit B12 must be combined with ___ to be carried out into the blood

Answer 46

Pernicious Anemia | Intrinsic Factor

Question 47

Vitamin B12 is needed for...

Answer 47

Normal RBC production in the bone marrow and normal nerve cell metabolism

Question 48

Exogenous toxins can occur by means of __(3)__

Answer 48

Microbes (usually Gram - rods) Chemicals Overdose

Question 49

Alkaptonuria is a genetic condition in which ___ accumulates and is excreted in the urine, which makes the urine appear ___

Answer 49

Homogentisic Acid | Black

Question 50

Alkaptonurina explanation: Normally, Phenylalanine is converted to ___. If ___ is not produced, homegentisic acid (aka __) is not converted.

Answer 50

Tyrosine oxidase alkapton

Question 51

1. Onchronosis is an accumulation of ___ in ____ tissue 2. Onchronosis is a complication of ______ 3. _____ is common site of accumulation leading to ___ and _____ 4. Calcification of ___ because ____ attracts it--> Secondary ___ 5. ____ deposited in ears --> Ears appear ____

Answer 51

1. Homogentisic acid in connective tissue 2. Alkaptonuria 3. Cartilage, OA and Severe degeneration 4. IVDs, alkapton, OA 5. Alkapton, blue

Question 52

Phenylketonuria description: 1. Normally ___ of phenylalanine is used and 50% is converted to ___ 2. Nonproduction of ____--> no conversion to tyrosine --> alternative pathway--> production of ____, ____, and ____acid: very toxic, especially to _____ 3. Can cause serious ____/low ____ 4. Treatment:

Answer 52

1. 50%, tyrosine 2. hydroxylase, phenylpyruvic acid, phenyllactic acid, phenylacetic, nervous system 3. mental underdevelopment/IQ 4. DON'T EAT PHENYLALANINE

Question 53

Ionizing radiation can result in the production of ___ that can destroy cell membranes

Answer 53

Free radicals

Question 54

3 major factors of gout

Answer 54

Gouty Arthritis Deposition of Uric acid salts in joints Deposition of salts in kidneys --> renal failure

Question 55

Tophus definition: 1. Deposition of ______ in _____ 2. Typical in ____ 3. More common in ___

Answer 55

1. uric acid crystals in connective tissue 2. ears 3. males

Question 56

Cause of Gout: | Impaired ____ metabolism--> Hyper____--> ___ deposition in joints

Answer 56

purine, Hyperuricemia, Salt

Question 57

Gout treatment (2):

Answer 57

1. Diet changes | 2. Decreased protein and alcohol intake

Question 58

Joint where gout is most common

Answer 58

Assymetrically in 1st metatarsophalangeal joint

Question 59

Name the 3 categories of Etiology

Answer 59

1. Genetic 2. Congenital 3. Acquired

Question 60

Name the 2 examples of Genetic disorders discussed under categories of Etiology

Answer 60

1. Huntington's Disease | 2. Down Syndrome (AKA: Trisomy 21)

Question 61

Name the 3 examples of Congenital disorders discussed under categories of Etiology

Answer 61

1. Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii) 2. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome 3. Thalidomide

Question 62

Name the 3 examples Acquired disorders under categories of Etiology

Answer 62

1. Herpetic Rash (Shingles) 2. Emphysema (Smoker) 3. Parameningeal Infection (Pimple popping)

Question 63

Name the 2 examples of Idiopathic Diseases discussed

Answer 63

1. Idiopathic ankylosing spondylitis (AKA Bamboo Spine) | 2. Hyperostosis (AKA DISH and Forestier's)