Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The cause of disease or suffering

A

Etiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Acute cystitis is dramatic inflammation of the ___. Etiological Agent is ___.

A

Bladder

E. Coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Influenza Pneumonia is infectious inflammation of __ tissue. Etiological agent is ___.

A

Lung

Influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Diseases in which the cause is unknown

A

Idiopathic Diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ankylosing Spondylitis (Idiopathic disease) aka

A

Bamboo Spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ankylosing Spondylitis causes (2)

A

Inflammation of joints

Leads to fusion of vertebral body/ spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hyperostosis (Idiopathis disease) AKAs

A

DISH (diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis)

Foresteir’s Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hyperostosis leads to…

A

fusion and ossification of the ALL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Huntington’s (Genetic) is classified by loss of motor function due to loss of ___ and degeneration of ___, and enlargement of ___.

A

Motor Neurons
Basal Ganglia
Ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Chorea Defitnition

A

Rapid, jerky, involuntary movements of face and extremities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Dementia Definition

A

Progressive mental impairment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cause of congenital diseases

A

Genetic information is intact, but other factors in the embryo’s intrauterine environment interfere with normal development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Toxoplasmosis (congenital) is caused by the protozoa ___ that is commonly found in ___ feces

A

Toxoplasma Gondii

Cat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Teratogen Definition

A

An agent that causes physical Abnormality in a developing embryo or fetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (Congenital) is a birth defect resulting from high alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy and has the highest teratogenic effect in the ___ and ___ of pregnancy. Risk decreases after this.

A

1st 3 days

1st trimester

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

__ was developed as a sleeping drug in the late ’50s in Germany and administered to women to prevent morning sickness but proved to have many teratogenic effects including children born with missing or disformed extremities or born with only one eye.

A

Thalidomine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Herpetic Rash (acquired) is caused by the ___ virus.

A

Herpes Zoster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Shingles is caused by the ___ virus and , which also causes chickenpox. This occurs when the immune system is weakened and follows ___. It usually affects 1/2 of the body and is associated with severe pain.

A

Varicella- Zoster

Dermatomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

___ affect the immune system and leave an individual more prone to shingles

A

Corticosteroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Emphysema (Acquired) is often seen with smokers and is associated with lung ___ due to rupture and damage of ___. Results in shortness of breath and in severe cases can lead to ___ and/or ___ failure.

A

Consolidation
Alveoli
Respiratiory
Heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

2 bacteria associated with Parameningeal Infection (Acquired)

A

Staphylococcus Aureus

Streptococcus Pyogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Parameningeal Infection is communicated through the __ of the face and brain. It can be fatal in some cases, or leads to spreading of infection and damage/scarring of the ___.

A

veins

skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Symptom Definition

A

Subjective finding that a patient says they are experiencing

Ex. pain, nausea, headache

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Sign Definition

A

Objective finding that can be measured or seen

Ex. High BP, Fever, Rash`

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

A collection/group of signs and symptoms associated with a particular disease

A

Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Raynaud’s Syndrome Description

A

Vasoplastic contractions of distal vessels

27
Q

Raynaud’s Syndrome 1st stage

A

Contraction of arteries –> fingers/toes appear white

28
Q

Raynaud’s Syndrome 2nd stage

A

Contraction of veins –> Fingers/toes appear blue

29
Q

Raynaud’s Syndrome 3rd stage

A

Relaxation of vessels and blood returns –> Fingers/toes appear red

30
Q

Sjogren’s Syndrome description ( 3 things)

A

Autoimmune to exocrine glands
Most common in females over 35 years
Total dryness of mucous membranes due to damage of exocrine glands

31
Q

3 classic signs of Sjogren’s syndrome

A

Xerostomia- dry mouth due to inflammation of sublingual gland

Xerophthalmia- dry eyes due to inflammation of lacrimal gland

Bilateral Parotitis (Hamster appearance)- Inflamed Parotid glands

32
Q

What is the word meaning Pattern of disease development

A

Pathogenesis

33
Q

Acute Disease Description

A
  • Develops rapidly/suddenly and usually of short duration (5-7 days)
  • May or may not be severe
  • Ex. Virus or cold
34
Q

Subacute disease Description

A
  • Rare classification

- Between 1-6 weeks in duration

35
Q

Chronic DIsease Description

A
  • Slow and serious Development (months to years)

- Symptoms persist for a long time –> Duration > 6 weeks

36
Q

Local Disease Description

A
  • Confined to one organ/region of the body

- Ex. Stomach Cancer

37
Q

Systemic Disease Description

A
  • Involves multiple organs or systems

- Ex. Metastasized stomach cancer

38
Q

Focal Damage Description

A
  • Limited to one or more distant dites within a diseased organ
  • Ex. One tumor in stomach
39
Q

Diffuse Damage description

A
  • Uniformly distributed damage within a diseased organ (entire organ affected)
  • Ex. Entire stomach is cancerous
40
Q

Identification of a patient’s specific disease

A

Diagnosis

41
Q

Prediction of a particular disease’s outcome

A

Prognosis

42
Q

3 causes of cell injury

A

Defeciency
Intoxification
Trauma

43
Q

Primary Nutrient Deficiency

A

Simple absence of nutrient component(s) in food

44
Q

Pellagra is a ____ deficiency, resulting in ___

A
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
Casel's Necklace Dermatitis
45
Q

Secondary Nutrient Deficiency

A

Components are in food but can’t be absorbed

46
Q

Vitamin B12 deficiency results in ___. Vit B12 must be combined with ___ to be carried out into the blood

A

Pernicious Anemia

Intrinsic Factor

47
Q

Vitamin B12 is needed for…

A

Normal RBC production in the bone marrow and normal nerve cell metabolism

48
Q

Exogenous toxins can occur by means of __(3)__

A

Microbes (usually Gram - rods)
Chemicals
Overdose

49
Q

Alkaptonuria is a genetic condition in which ___ accumulates and is excreted in the urine, which makes the urine appear ___

A

Homogentisic Acid

Black

50
Q

Alkaptonurina explanation: Normally, Phenylalanine is converted to ___. If ___ is not produced, homegentisic acid (aka __) is not converted.

A

Tyrosine
oxidase
alkapton

51
Q
  1. Onchronosis is an accumulation of ___ in ____ tissue
  2. Onchronosis is a complication of ______
  3. _____ is common site of accumulation leading to ___ and _____
  4. Calcification of ___ because ____ attracts it–>
    Secondary ___
  5. ____ deposited in ears –> Ears appear ____
A
  1. Homogentisic acid in connective tissue
  2. Alkaptonuria
  3. Cartilage, OA and Severe degeneration
  4. IVDs, alkapton, OA
  5. Alkapton, blue
52
Q

Phenylketonuria description:

  1. Normally ___ of phenylalanine is used and 50% is converted to ___
  2. Nonproduction of ____–> no conversion to tyrosine –> alternative pathway–> production of ____, ____, and ____acid: very toxic, especially to _____
  3. Can cause serious ____/low ____
  4. Treatment:
A
  1. 50%, tyrosine
  2. hydroxylase, phenylpyruvic acid, phenyllactic acid,
    phenylacetic, nervous system
  3. mental underdevelopment/IQ
  4. DON’T EAT PHENYLALANINE
53
Q

Ionizing radiation can result in the production of ___ that can destroy cell membranes

A

Free radicals

54
Q

3 major factors of gout

A

Gouty Arthritis
Deposition of Uric acid salts in joints
Deposition of salts in kidneys –> renal failure

55
Q

Tophus definition:

  1. Deposition of ______ in _____
  2. Typical in ____
  3. More common in ___
A
  1. uric acid crystals in connective tissue
  2. ears
  3. males
56
Q

Cause of Gout:

Impaired ____ metabolism–> Hyper____–> ___ deposition in joints

A

purine, Hyperuricemia, Salt

57
Q

Gout treatment (2):

A
  1. Diet changes

2. Decreased protein and alcohol intake

58
Q

Joint where gout is most common

A

Assymetrically in 1st metatarsophalangeal joint

59
Q

Name the 3 categories of Etiology

A
  1. Genetic
  2. Congenital
  3. Acquired
60
Q

Name the 2 examples of Genetic disorders discussed under categories of Etiology

A
  1. Huntington’s Disease

2. Down Syndrome (AKA: Trisomy 21)

61
Q

Name the 3 examples of Congenital disorders discussed under categories of Etiology

A
  1. Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
  2. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
  3. Thalidomide
62
Q

Name the 3 examples Acquired disorders under categories of Etiology

A
  1. Herpetic Rash (Shingles)
  2. Emphysema (Smoker)
  3. Parameningeal Infection (Pimple popping)
63
Q

Name the 2 examples of Idiopathic Diseases discussed

A
  1. Idiopathic ankylosing spondylitis (AKA Bamboo Spine)

2. Hyperostosis (AKA DISH and Forestier’s)