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Pathology 1 > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the only region of the body where there is an exchange between ISF and blood?

A

Capillaries

*Only place where inflammation can occur

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of blood protein and their function?

A

Albumin- maintains oncotic pressure within capillaries
Globulin- Antibodies
Fibrinogen- prevents blood loss (clotting)

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3
Q

Serous inflammation is response to __ injury inwhich only __ is allowed to escape to ISF.

A

mild

fluid

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4
Q

Examples of Serous Inflammation

A

Rhinitis
Conjunctivitis
Burns

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5
Q

Fibrinous Inflammation is characterized by the presence of ___, creating thick strands within ___, increasing the seriousness of the inflammation.

A

Fibrin

Exudate

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6
Q

Rheumatic Pericarditis is an example of ___ inflammation that occurs between the __ and __ percardium and increases ___.

A

Fibrinous
Visceral
Parietal
friction

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7
Q

Supprative (Purulent) inflammation is characterized by ___ exudate with dead __ and is low in __ cells. Bacterial death promotes tissue-destroying __.

A

pus
bacteria
blood
enzymes

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8
Q

An abscess is an example of __ inflammation characterized by a local accumulation of __ that develops at a focus when an agent of injury is not quickly removed. This can destroy __ __ and lead to ___ ___.

A

Supprative
pus
blood vessels
Perfuse Hemorrhage

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9
Q

Cellulitis is characterized by __ supprative inflammation

A

diffuse

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10
Q

Empyema is ___ inflammation characterized by a collection of __ within an existing ___. What are the 2 examples discussed in lecture?

A

Supprative
pus
cavity
Pleural and Subdural Empyema

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11
Q

What are the two vascular components of inflammation?

A

Hyperemia- increased blood flow

Increased permeability of blood vessels

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12
Q

The specific gravity of exudate is __. It contains __ and __ as well as __ debris

A

1.020 +
Protein
WBC
tissue

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13
Q

The specific gravity of transudate is ___. It is the perfusion of fluid with little to no __ or __ into the tissue.

A

1.012 -
protein
cells

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14
Q

What is exudate beneficial for?

A
  • DIssolution of toxins
  • Promotion/Accumulation of Antibodies
  • Stimulation of nociceptors (due to swelling)
  • Promotion of phagocytosis
  • Prevent infection and heal body
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15
Q

5 steps of Inflammation

A

1) Hyperemia
2) Increased permeability of vessels
3) Margination
4) Pavementing
5) Leukocyte Emigration

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16
Q

Hyperemia is the first reaction to injury of blood vessels which causes ___ and then __ of the capillaries . Fluid is pushed out of the cell and __ is formed.

A

Vasoconstriction
Vasodilation
Exudate

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17
Q

During hyperemia, pressure of the blood is increased which pushes fluid through the _____ membrane. Blood viscosity increases and slow flow causes __- halting movement of blood in venules.

A

semi-permeable

stasis

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18
Q

Increased permeability of vessels occurs when __ increases outside blood vessels, which causes in increase in tissue ___ pressure. The increased pressure pulls fluid into tissue from blood vessels

A

protein

osmotic

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19
Q

Margination occurs when __ are pushed to the periphery of vessels. This occurs during ___ when __ adhere to each other; increasing their size compared to WBCs, which moves the RBCs to the __.

A

WBCs
vascoconstriction
RBCs
center

20
Q

Pavementing occurs when ___ adhere to the ___ surfaces

A

WBCs

endothelial

21
Q

Leukocyte Emigration is an outpouring of large amounts of ___ from the blood. This only occurs in the ___ ___ ___. This is a ___ min process.

A

WBCs
post-capillary venules
~10

22
Q

Diapedesis is the __ escape of ___; sometimes incorrectly used as a synonym for Emigration.

A

passive

RBCs

23
Q

Neutrophils are __-__% in circulation
How many lobes?
How many nuclei?
Granules?

A

55-60%
Multi lobed: 2-5
Multinucleated
Granulated

24
Q

Eosinophils are __-__%in circulation
How many lobes?
How many nuclei?
Granules?

A

2-4%
Bi-lobed
Multinucleated
Pink granules

25
Basophils are __-__% in circulation How many lobes? How many nuclei? Granules?
0.5-1% Bi-lobed Multinucleated Purple Granules
26
Lymphocytes are __-__% in circulation What kind of cells? How many nuclei? Granules?
20-25% B and T cells Mononucleated Monogranular
27
Monocytes are __-__% in circulation How many nuclei? Granules? Life span?
4-8% Mononucleated Monogranular 30+ life span
28
What is the function of macrophages?
To directly destroy intruders?
29
Phagocytosis is the process of finding and locating the intruder cell aka ___. ___ ___ bring the intruder cell into the phagocytic cell.
Chemotaxix | Pseudopod Projections
30
what are the 3 types of phagocytic cells?
Neutrophils Monocyte/Macrophage Eosinophils
31
What are the O2 independent lysosomal mechanisms?
Lysozyme Elastase Collagenase Defensin (neutrophils)
32
What are the O2 dependent lysosomal mechanisms?
Superoxide Anion Hypochlorite Anion Hydrogen Peroxide
33
Hydrogen Peroxide reaction creates free __, positive on bacteria catalase test. Also helps to remove __ from wounds.
O2 | debris
34
What are the leukocyte defects discussed in lecture?
Chronic Granulomatous disease of children | Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
35
Chronis Granulomatous disease of children is the genetic inability to produce ___. The body creates a ___ around invading microbes to contain them. There is no prevention of infection and death usually occurs within __ years.
free radicals granuloma 2
36
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome is the genetic absence of normal cell motility of ___, cannot seek out intruders. Characterized by lack of ___; inability to release active __ to breakdown intruder. Death within __-__ years
phagocytes degranulation enxymes 1-2
37
What are the 6 initiators of inflammation?
``` Substances released form injured cells Direct stimulus to mast cells Microbial products Exposure of basement membrane or CT components Deposition of antigen/antibody complexes Disruption of vascular integrity ```
38
Initiators of Inflammation stimulate the __ of inflammation. What are the examples discussed in class?
``` Mediators Histamine Serotonin Substance P Nitric Oxide ```
39
What 2 cells release histamine?
Basophils | Mast Cells
40
What are the 4 major components of Of histamine reaction?
Hyperemia (vasodilation) Increased permeability of blood vessels Bronchospasm Increased mucous production
41
Substance P is produced in the ___ and ___ and involved in the __ and __ tracts.
CNS PNS Respiratory GI
42
What are the 4 functions of Substance P?
Promote production of pain signals Regulate BP Increase vessel permeability Influence vessel tone
43
What is serotonin associated with?
Platelet aggregation
44
Nitric Oxide aka
Endothelial Derived relaxing factor
45
What are the functions of Nitric Oxide?
Powerful Vasodilator | Inhibit leukocyte recruitment
46
What type of cells produce Serotonin?
Substance P
47
What cells type produces Nitric Oxide?
Macrophages

Pathology 1 (9 decks)

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