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Pathology 1 > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the only region of the body where there is an exchange between ISF and blood?

A

Capillaries

*Only place where inflammation can occur

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of blood protein and their function?

A

Albumin- maintains oncotic pressure within capillaries
Globulin- Antibodies
Fibrinogen- prevents blood loss (clotting)

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3
Q

Serous inflammation is response to __ injury inwhich only __ is allowed to escape to ISF.

A

mild

fluid

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4
Q

Examples of Serous Inflammation

A

Rhinitis
Conjunctivitis
Burns

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5
Q

Fibrinous Inflammation is characterized by the presence of ___, creating thick strands within ___, increasing the seriousness of the inflammation.

A

Fibrin

Exudate

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6
Q

Rheumatic Pericarditis is an example of ___ inflammation that occurs between the __ and __ percardium and increases ___.

A

Fibrinous
Visceral
Parietal
friction

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7
Q

Supprative (Purulent) inflammation is characterized by ___ exudate with dead __ and is low in __ cells. Bacterial death promotes tissue-destroying __.

A

pus
bacteria
blood
enzymes

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8
Q

An abscess is an example of __ inflammation characterized by a local accumulation of __ that develops at a focus when an agent of injury is not quickly removed. This can destroy __ __ and lead to ___ ___.

A

Supprative
pus
blood vessels
Perfuse Hemorrhage

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9
Q

Cellulitis is characterized by __ supprative inflammation

A

diffuse

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10
Q

Empyema is ___ inflammation characterized by a collection of __ within an existing ___. What are the 2 examples discussed in lecture?

A

Supprative
pus
cavity
Pleural and Subdural Empyema

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11
Q

What are the two vascular components of inflammation?

A

Hyperemia- increased blood flow

Increased permeability of blood vessels

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12
Q

The specific gravity of exudate is __. It contains __ and __ as well as __ debris

A

1.020 +
Protein
WBC
tissue

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13
Q

The specific gravity of transudate is ___. It is the perfusion of fluid with little to no __ or __ into the tissue.

A

1.012 -
protein
cells

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14
Q

What is exudate beneficial for?

A
  • DIssolution of toxins
  • Promotion/Accumulation of Antibodies
  • Stimulation of nociceptors (due to swelling)
  • Promotion of phagocytosis
  • Prevent infection and heal body
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15
Q

5 steps of Inflammation

A

1) Hyperemia
2) Increased permeability of vessels
3) Margination
4) Pavementing
5) Leukocyte Emigration

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16
Q

Hyperemia is the first reaction to injury of blood vessels which causes ___ and then __ of the capillaries . Fluid is pushed out of the cell and __ is formed.

A

Vasoconstriction
Vasodilation
Exudate

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17
Q

During hyperemia, pressure of the blood is increased which pushes fluid through the _____ membrane. Blood viscosity increases and slow flow causes __- halting movement of blood in venules.

A

semi-permeable

stasis

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18
Q

Increased permeability of vessels occurs when __ increases outside blood vessels, which causes in increase in tissue ___ pressure. The increased pressure pulls fluid into tissue from blood vessels

A

protein

osmotic

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19
Q

Margination occurs when __ are pushed to the periphery of vessels. This occurs during ___ when __ adhere to each other; increasing their size compared to WBCs, which moves the RBCs to the __.

A

WBCs
vascoconstriction
RBCs
center

20
Q

Pavementing occurs when ___ adhere to the ___ surfaces

A

WBCs

endothelial

21
Q

Leukocyte Emigration is an outpouring of large amounts of ___ from the blood. This only occurs in the ___ ___ ___. This is a ___ min process.

A

WBCs
post-capillary venules
~10

22
Q

Diapedesis is the __ escape of ___; sometimes incorrectly used as a synonym for Emigration.

A

passive

RBCs

23
Q

Neutrophils are __-__% in circulation
How many lobes?
How many nuclei?
Granules?

A

55-60%
Multi lobed: 2-5
Multinucleated
Granulated

24
Q

Eosinophils are __-__%in circulation
How many lobes?
How many nuclei?
Granules?

A

2-4%
Bi-lobed
Multinucleated
Pink granules

25
Q

Basophils are __-__% in circulation
How many lobes?
How many nuclei?
Granules?

A

0.5-1%
Bi-lobed
Multinucleated
Purple Granules

26
Q

Lymphocytes are __-__% in circulation
What kind of cells?
How many nuclei?
Granules?

A

20-25%
B and T cells
Mononucleated
Monogranular

27
Q

Monocytes are __-__% in circulation
How many nuclei?
Granules?
Life span?

A

4-8%
Mononucleated
Monogranular
30+ life span

28
Q

What is the function of macrophages?

A

To directly destroy intruders?

29
Q

Phagocytosis is the process of finding and locating the intruder cell aka ___. ___ ___ bring the intruder cell into the phagocytic cell.

A

Chemotaxix

Pseudopod Projections

30
Q

what are the 3 types of phagocytic cells?

A

Neutrophils
Monocyte/Macrophage
Eosinophils

31
Q

What are the O2 independent lysosomal mechanisms?

A

Lysozyme
Elastase
Collagenase
Defensin (neutrophils)

32
Q

What are the O2 dependent lysosomal mechanisms?

A

Superoxide Anion
Hypochlorite Anion
Hydrogen Peroxide

33
Q

Hydrogen Peroxide reaction creates free __, positive on bacteria catalase test. Also helps to remove __ from wounds.

A

O2

debris

34
Q

What are the leukocyte defects discussed in lecture?

A

Chronic Granulomatous disease of children

Chediak-Higashi Syndrome

35
Q

Chronis Granulomatous disease of children is the genetic inability to produce ___. The body creates a ___ around invading microbes to contain them. There is no prevention of infection and death usually occurs within __ years.

A

free radicals
granuloma
2

36
Q

Chediak-Higashi Syndrome is the genetic absence of normal cell motility of ___, cannot seek out intruders. Characterized by lack of ___; inability to release active __ to breakdown intruder. Death within __-__ years

A

phagocytes
degranulation
enxymes
1-2

37
Q

What are the 6 initiators of inflammation?

A 
Substances released form injured cells
Direct stimulus to mast cells
Microbial products
Exposure of basement membrane or CT components
Deposition of antigen/antibody complexes
Disruption of vascular integrity
38
Q

Initiators of Inflammation stimulate the __ of inflammation. What are the examples discussed in class?

A 
Mediators
Histamine
Serotonin
Substance P
Nitric Oxide
39
Q

What 2 cells release histamine?

A

Basophils

Mast Cells

40
Q

What are the 4 major components of Of histamine reaction?

A

Hyperemia (vasodilation)
Increased permeability of blood vessels
Bronchospasm
Increased mucous production

41
Q

Substance P is produced in the ___ and ___ and involved in the __ and __ tracts.

A

CNS
PNS
Respiratory
GI

42
Q

What are the 4 functions of Substance P?

A

Promote production of pain signals
Regulate BP
Increase vessel permeability
Influence vessel tone

43
Q

What is serotonin associated with?

A

Platelet aggregation

44
Q

Nitric Oxide aka

A

Endothelial Derived relaxing factor

45
Q

What are the functions of Nitric Oxide?

A

Powerful Vasodilator

Inhibit leukocyte recruitment

46
Q

What type of cells produce Serotonin?

A

Substance P

47
Q

What cells type produces Nitric Oxide?

A

Macrophages

Pathology 1 (9 decks)

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