Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology 1 > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of trauma

A

Physical Injury; loss of a cell’s normal structural integrity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

5 classifications of trauma discussed in the notes

A 
Direct Contact
Hypothermia
Hyperthermia
Mechanical Pressure
Microorganisms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

2 examples of direct contact trauma

A

Battle’s Sign

Raccoon eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Description of Hypothermia

A

Cell freezes, expands in size and ruptures the cell membrane.
-Can lead to amputation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

3 types of hyperthermia

A

Fire
Ionizing Radiation
Electric Current

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

At temperatures greater than __ degrees C protein coagulation occurs.

A

42

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Definition of pressure atrophy

A

Pressure prevents normal activity of cells and they are eventually crushed as they cannot resist the pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

4 examples of pressure atrophy discussed in the notes

A

Tumor
Aneurysm
High Intensity Sound
Kidney Stones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Definition of Aneurysm

A

Pouching of the Arterial Wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Aneurysms may be due to ___ weak __ layers of ___.

__ arteries near __ are a common site.

A 
Congenital
muscle
arteries
cerebral
bifurcations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

High intensity sounds can kill __ in the __ and could possibly lead to hearing loss of certain ___ forever.

A

nerve endings
inner ear
frequencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Kidney stones cause the accumulation of ___ in the kidney, causing a rise in ___ pressure. The increase in ___ pressure causes ___.

A

urine
osmotic
hydrostatic
pressure atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Plasmodium (protozoa) is carried by the ___ and causes ___. They then live in the ___ and cause them to rupture after ___ days.

A

Anaphelus Mosquito
Malaria
RBCs
2-4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is Echinococcus acquired?

A

Eating meat infected with the worm’s egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What organs are usually affected by Echinococcus?

A

Liver and Brain

*Maybe kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Echinocuccus travels as a ___ and stops in __ where it grows and eventually causes it to rupture.

A

larva

tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hydropic changes AKAs

A

Cloudy Swelling

Hydropic Degeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Poiseuille’s Law?

A

The amount of fluid that flows through an opening (lumen) is directly proportional to the pressure difference at each end and to the 4th power of the radius.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

As a tubule becomes smaller, increased urine is backed up into ___

A

bowman’s capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Sodium ions move __ the cell easily but require ATP to move ___.

A

in

out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Fatty Changes AKA

A

Steatosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Fatty Changes definition

A

Accumulation of fat within the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Common sites of fatty changes

A

Liver, kidneys, heart

24
Q

5 causes of Fatty Changes

A 
Protein Malnutrition
Intoxication
Cardiac Anoxia
Obesity
Diabetes Mellitus
25
Q

Hepatocytes produce __ from __ and __.

A

Lipoproteins
FFAs
AAs

26
Q

Alcoholism causes intoxication of __, leaving them unable to produce __, then __ accumulate in the liver.

A

Hepatocytes
Lipoproteins
FFAs

27
Q

Intracellular accumulation of ___ is related to the cell’s capacity to cope with potentially threatening bacteria or deal with damaged organelles.

A

Residual Bodies

28
Q

Bacteria can be resistant to __ enzymes, which adds to ___.

A

lysosomal

residual bodies

29
Q

Where do residual bodies have the greatest effect?

A

Liver
Kidney
Nervous Tissue

30
Q

What is the most common residual body?

A

Lipofuscin (aka Lipocrone) granules

31
Q

Intracellular hyaline changes (hyalinization) are ___ and extracellular hyaline changes are ___.

A

Reversible

Irreversible

32
Q

What are the 4 types of protein accumulation discussed in the notes?

A

Reabsorption droplets (within renal proximal tubules)
Mallory Bodies
Russell Bodies
Dutcher Bodies

33
Q

Reabsorption droplets are characterized by abnormal protein loss in the __ that the __ attempt to reabsorb, which leads to ___.

A

Urine
proximal tubules
proteinuria

34
Q

Nephritic syndrome, aka ___, is characterized by protein deposition within cells of the ___. Once excess protein excretion stops, the cells will ___ the deposited proteins.

A

Minimal change disease
Distal convoluted tubules
release

35
Q

Mallory Bodies are found within the ___ and result from overconsumption of ___. This is reversible with changes in __ habits.

A

Liver (hepatocytes)
alcohol
drinking

36
Q

Russell bodies are characterized by accumulation of protein in __ cells and are usually associated with what condition discussed in lecture?

A

plasma

Multiple Myeloma

37
Q

Multiple myeloma is a __ condition characterized by uncontrolled proliferation and disorder function of __ cells in the ___.

A

malignant
plasma
bone marrow

38
Q

Dutcher bodies are characterized as an ___ accumulation of proteins. They are usually identified in __ tumors and are usually associated with which condition?

A

intranuclear
monoclonal
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia

39
Q

Weldenstrom Macroglobulinemia AKAs

A

Hyperviscosity Syndrome

Lymphoplasmocytic Lymphoma

40
Q

Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia is a type of ___ due to cancer of ___, resulting in overproduction of __ antibodies. This usually leads to increased __ of blood.

A

Lymphoma
B lymphocytes
IgM
viscosity

41
Q

2 examples of extracellular protein deposition (irreversible) discussed in lecture

A

Hyaline Arteriosclerosis

Amyloidosis

42
Q

Hyaline arteriosclerosis within the brain can lead to which 2 conditions discussed in lecture?

A

Lacunar Infarction

Parenchymal (Intercerebral) Hemorrhagic stroke

43
Q

Lacunar Infarction affects which structures of the brain?

A

Thalamus
Putamen
Globus Pallidus

44
Q

Parenchymal Hemorrhagic stroke is the rupture of hardened ___ and is seen in cases of ___

A

arterioles

hypertension

45
Q

Amyloidosis is an __ and mainly ___ disorder where protein deposits are found between cells in the ___, mainly in which organs?

A

Idiopathic
Autoimmune
ISF
Brain, Liver, Kidney, Skin, Heart

46
Q

Amyloidosis usually causes __ within 1-2 years and can be __ or __.

A

Death
Localized
Systemic

47
Q

Adaptive Responses to cell changes are ___. What are the examples discussed in lecture?

A

Functional Reversible

  1. Altered Metabolism
  2. Altered Size
  3. Inadequate Neurological Stimulus
  4. Inadequate Hormonal stimulus
48
Q

Alternative metabolism occurs when cells use alternative pathways in order to create ___ in order to prevent ___changes.

A

ATP

Hydrophic

49
Q

Osteoporosis is a form of ___ and is most common in which locations?

A

disuse atrophy

Ribs, vertebral bodies, wrists, neck of femur

50
Q

Osteoporosis can be partially due to ___ changes or decreased ___, which prevent ___ activity.

A

sexual
androgens
osteoclast

51
Q

What demographics are most and least vulnerable to Osteoporosis?

A

Most- Blonde White women

Least- African American Women

52
Q

The normal rate of bone loss after 25-30 years old is __% per year

A

0.7

53
Q

Example of inadequate neurological stimulus discussed in class is ___. This is a __ condition characterized by decreased motor function (atrophy) due to loss of __ of spinal cord. It can only be prevented by __.

A

Poliomyelitits
viral
anterior horn
vaccination

54
Q

Example of inadequate hormonal stimulus discussed in class is ___. This is an __ disease characterized by ___ which attach to ___ receptors of the thyroid,leaving TSH from the anterior pituitary unable to bind. This affects the body’s metabolism and leads to ___.

A 
Hoshimoto's Thyroiditis
Autoimmune 
ultra-antibodies
TSH
hypothyroidism
55
Q

What was the first autoimmune disease discovered?

A

Hoshimoto’s Thyroiditis (1913)

Pathology 1 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions