Week 2 Flashcards by B Burr

Definition of trauma

Physical Injury; loss of a cell’s normal structural integrity

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5 classifications of trauma discussed in the notes

Direct Contact
Hypothermia
Hyperthermia
Mechanical Pressure
Microorganisms

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2 examples of direct contact trauma

Battle’s Sign

Raccoon eyes

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Description of Hypothermia

Cell freezes, expands in size and ruptures the cell membrane.
-Can lead to amputation

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3 types of hyperthermia

Fire
Ionizing Radiation
Electric Current

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At temperatures greater than __ degrees C protein coagulation occurs.

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Definition of pressure atrophy

Pressure prevents normal activity of cells and they are eventually crushed as they cannot resist the pressure.

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4 examples of pressure atrophy discussed in the notes

Tumor
Aneurysm
High Intensity Sound
Kidney Stones

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Definition of Aneurysm

Pouching of the Arterial Wall

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Aneurysms may be due to ___ weak __ layers of ___.

__ arteries near __ are a common site.

Congenital
muscle
arteries
cerebral
bifurcations

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High intensity sounds can kill __ in the __ and could possibly lead to hearing loss of certain ___ forever.

nerve endings
inner ear
frequencies

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Kidney stones cause the accumulation of ___ in the kidney, causing a rise in ___ pressure. The increase in ___ pressure causes ___.

urine
osmotic
hydrostatic
pressure atrophy

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Plasmodium (protozoa) is carried by the ___ and causes ___. They then live in the ___ and cause them to rupture after ___ days.

Anaphelus Mosquito
Malaria
RBCs
2-4

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How is Echinococcus acquired?

Eating meat infected with the worm’s egg

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What organs are usually affected by Echinococcus?

Liver and Brain

*Maybe kidney

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Echinocuccus travels as a ___ and stops in __ where it grows and eventually causes it to rupture.

larva

tissue

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Hydropic changes AKAs

Cloudy Swelling

Hydropic Degeneration

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What is Poiseuille’s Law?

The amount of fluid that flows through an opening (lumen) is directly proportional to the pressure difference at each end and to the 4th power of the radius.

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As a tubule becomes smaller, increased urine is backed up into ___

bowman’s capsule

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Sodium ions move __ the cell easily but require ATP to move ___.

out

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Fatty Changes AKA

Steatosis

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Fatty Changes definition

Accumulation of fat within the cell.

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Common sites of fatty changes

Liver, kidneys, heart

5 causes of Fatty Changes

Protein Malnutrition
Intoxication
Cardiac Anoxia
Obesity
Diabetes Mellitus

Hepatocytes produce __ from __ and __.

Lipoproteins FFAs AAs

Alcoholism causes intoxication of __, leaving them unable to produce __, then __ accumulate in the liver.

Hepatocytes Lipoproteins FFAs

Intracellular accumulation of ___ is related to the cell's capacity to cope with potentially threatening bacteria or deal with damaged organelles.

Residual Bodies

Bacteria can be resistant to __ enzymes, which adds to ___.

lysosomal | residual bodies

Where do residual bodies have the greatest effect?

Liver Kidney Nervous Tissue

What is the most common residual body?

Lipofuscin (aka Lipocrone) granules

Intracellular hyaline changes (hyalinization) are ___ and extracellular hyaline changes are ___.

Reversible | Irreversible

What are the 4 types of protein accumulation discussed in the notes?

Reabsorption droplets (within renal proximal tubules) Mallory Bodies Russell Bodies Dutcher Bodies

Reabsorption droplets are characterized by abnormal protein loss in the __ that the __ attempt to reabsorb, which leads to ___.

Urine proximal tubules proteinuria

Nephritic syndrome, aka ___, is characterized by protein deposition within cells of the ___. Once excess protein excretion stops, the cells will ___ the deposited proteins.

Minimal change disease Distal convoluted tubules release

Mallory Bodies are found within the ___ and result from overconsumption of ___. This is reversible with changes in __ habits.

Liver (hepatocytes) alcohol drinking

Russell bodies are characterized by accumulation of protein in __ cells and are usually associated with what condition discussed in lecture?

plasma | Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma is a __ condition characterized by uncontrolled proliferation and disorder function of __ cells in the ___.

malignant plasma bone marrow

Dutcher bodies are characterized as an ___ accumulation of proteins. They are usually identified in __ tumors and are usually associated with which condition?

intranuclear monoclonal Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia

Weldenstrom Macroglobulinemia AKAs

Hyperviscosity Syndrome | Lymphoplasmocytic Lymphoma

Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia is a type of ___ due to cancer of ___, resulting in overproduction of __ antibodies. This usually leads to increased __ of blood.

Lymphoma B lymphocytes IgM viscosity

2 examples of extracellular protein deposition (irreversible) discussed in lecture

Hyaline Arteriosclerosis | Amyloidosis

Hyaline arteriosclerosis within the brain can lead to which 2 conditions discussed in lecture?

Lacunar Infarction | Parenchymal (Intercerebral) Hemorrhagic stroke

Lacunar Infarction affects which structures of the brain?

Thalamus Putamen Globus Pallidus

Parenchymal Hemorrhagic stroke is the rupture of hardened ___ and is seen in cases of ___

arterioles | hypertension

Amyloidosis is an __ and mainly ___ disorder where protein deposits are found between cells in the ___, mainly in which organs?

Idiopathic Autoimmune ISF Brain, Liver, Kidney, Skin, Heart

Amyloidosis usually causes __ within 1-2 years and can be __ or __.

Death Localized Systemic

Adaptive Responses to cell changes are ___. What are the examples discussed in lecture?

Functional Reversible 1. Altered Metabolism 2. Altered Size 3. Inadequate Neurological Stimulus 4. Inadequate Hormonal stimulus

Alternative metabolism occurs when cells use alternative pathways in order to create ___ in order to prevent ___changes.

ATP | Hydrophic

Osteoporosis is a form of ___ and is most common in which locations?

disuse atrophy | Ribs, vertebral bodies, wrists, neck of femur

Osteoporosis can be partially due to ___ changes or decreased ___, which prevent ___ activity.

sexual androgens osteoclast

What demographics are most and least vulnerable to Osteoporosis?

Most- Blonde White women | Least- African American Women

The normal rate of bone loss after 25-30 years old is __% per year

0.7

Example of inadequate neurological stimulus discussed in class is ___. This is a __ condition characterized by decreased motor function (atrophy) due to loss of __ of spinal cord. It can only be prevented by __.

Poliomyelitits viral anterior horn vaccination

Example of inadequate hormonal stimulus discussed in class is ___. This is an __ disease characterized by ___ which attach to ___ receptors of the thyroid,leaving TSH from the anterior pituitary unable to bind. This affects the body's metabolism and leads to ___.

``` Hoshimoto's Thyroiditis Autoimmune ultra-antibodies TSH hypothyroidism ```

What was the first autoimmune disease discovered?

Hoshimoto's Thyroiditis (1913)