Week 7: Urinalysis Flashcards
What is the function of the ureters
Transport urine from renal pelvis to the bladder
What animals do not have the typical kidney shape and what do they look like?
Horses are heart shaped
Cows are lobular (lumpy)
What is the function of the urinary bladder
Store urine till ready for release
What is the function of the urethra.
Carry urine from bladder to outside the body
What controls the volume of urine produced
Hormones
- ADH (pituitary gland)
- Aldosterone (adrenal cortex)
What is oliguria
Scant urine
What is polyuria
A lot of urine produced
What is anuria
No urine produced
What is isosthenuria
What would be a concern
Urine SG approaches that of filtrate in the glomerulus
Chronic renal disease
What is protienuria
What would be a concern
Excessive protein in urine
Acute or chronic renal disease
Handling samples:
Collection - - - -
-
Collection - near time of blood chemistry - select an appropriate method - collect b4 admin of therapeutic agents - best sample first thing in the morning Examination - within 30 mins of collection - Maximum cold storage: 6-24 hrs
What are some methods of collection
Voided or free catch
Urinary catheterization
Cystocentesis
Collection from the surface
Stimulation of urine
Dogs Cats Cattle Sheep Horses
Dogs: scent of other dogs urine
Cats: no absorbent granules in litter
Cattle: rub straw/hand ventral to vilva on a circular motion
Horses: warm cloth rubbed on ventral abdomen or clean the stall
If you do not analyze it one within ____ to ____ what will happen. (In order)
30 mins to 1hr
Decrease glucose and bilirubin
Increase pH
Breakdown of cellular components
Bacterial growth
If necessary- refrigerate urine up to ___ to ___, less than ____ is best.
What can happen to sample of refrigerated too long
6 to 24hrs, less than 12hrs
May affect SG
Crystal formation
Sending to a reference laboratory.
Preserve in:
What test should be ran before sending
1gt of 40% formalin/ 1oz urine
Glucose test
Gross examination of urine
Volume Color Odor Turbidity/transparency Specific gravity
What is pollakiuria
Abnormal frequent urination
What occurs with polyuria
Nephritis Diabetes mellitus Diabetes insipidus Pyometra Liver disease With certain meds
What may occur with oliguria
Restricted access to water Environmental temp increase Acute nephritis Fever Shock Heart disease Dehydration
What occurs with anuria
Urethral obstruction
Renal shutdown
What do these colors of urine indicate
1 Light yellow to amber 2 Dark yellow 3 Lighter color 4 Yellow-brown or green 5 Red or brownish
1 normall urochromes ( pee color) 2 more concentrated 3 less concentrated 4 bile pigments 5 RBCs or hemoglobin
What does an ammonia order indicate
What does a sweet odor indicate
Cystitis
Ketones
What are some equipment used to measure SG
Refractometer
Urinometer
Reagent strips
What are the two methods for using chemical reagent strips
Dip
Pipette
What factors can affect urine pH
Diet
Excitement/stress
Fever
UTI
What can give false positive when testing glucose
Fasting
Fear, excitement, restraint
Drugs
How do we measure ketones
Reagent test strips
What is the preferred test for bilirubinuria
Reagent tablets
With sever muscle damage causes myoglobin to leak into blood and be excreted in urine and color is usually dark brown to black. What is this condition?
Myoglobinuria
Leukocytes must be confirmed through ….
Microscopic examination
Sediment on urine can normally include
Epithelial cells Mucus threads RBCs WBCs Hyaline casts Crystals
What are abnormal microscopic findings
More than a few: RBCs WBCs Casts Crystals Parasites Bacteria Yeast
