Final: notes from Erica Flashcards
What is azotemia?
What is an indicator of this
Increased nitrogen waste in blood
Increased BUN and serum creatinine
Why do we do chemical profiles?
Check organ function
Failure to normally clear waste
Or failure to regulate electrolytes or metabolites
What is ALT?
Why is it important?
Alanine Aminotransferase
Indicates hepatocellular damage
What is AST?
Why is it important?
Aspartate Aminotransferase
Indicates hepatocellular damage
AST and SDH (sorbitol dehydrogenase) used in cattle and horses
Can indicate muscle damage by CK levels
What is ALP?
Why is it important?
Alkaline Phosphatase
Enzyme that increases with cholestasis
May increase with corticosteroids
What is GGT?
Why is it important?
Gamma glutamyltransferase
Enzyme that increases with cholestasis
What is bilirubin?
Why is it important?
produced in liver and a byproduct of hemoglobin metabolism
May increase with cholestatic disease
Usually accompanied by an increase in ALP and GGT
What are the electrolytes?
Why is it important?
Sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, calcium, and phosphorus
Disturbances result from altered function of GI tract, kidney, skin, endocrine system
They regulate water balance and acid-base staus
What is TSP?
Total serum protein
What is ALB?
Why is it important?
Albumin
Hypoalbuminemia may developed through loss from kidney or GI tract, or decreased production due to liver failure
What is GB?
Why is it important?
Globulin
Contain immunoglobulins and may increase with inflammation
Serum protein is detected by subtracting albumin from TSP
Gross examination of urine includes
Smell, color, turbidity, volume, SG
What animals is cloudy urine normal
Horses and rabbits
What may happen to clear urine if it is sitting or refrigerated for too long?
Can become cloudy
SG is affected
Cellular components begin to breakdown
Crystals can form
When hydrogen increases what happens to pH?
pH decreases
What is the acid-base status of the following
Carnivores
Herbivores
Omnivores
Carnivores = acidic Herbivores = alkaline Omnivores = diet dependent
What organ is responsible for maintaining blood pH
Kidneys
Ammonia production from bacteria in the urinary tract or UTI will cause pH to do what
Increase
What can cause proteinuria
Hemorrhage or inflammation in the urinary tract
Kidney/glomerular disease if accompanied by inactive urine sediment
Should glucose be in urine?
What will cause to be seen in urine?
No
Blood glucose levels exceed renal threshold for glucose reabsorption
What color does the following show under microscopic evaluation
Gram pos
Gram neg
Acid fast pos
Acid fast neg
G pos = purple
G neg = pink/red
Acid fast pos = bright pink/red
Acid fast neg = blue-green
Where might we find gram pos cocci?
Skin, MMs (mouth, GI tract, etc…)
Where might we find gram pos rods?
Everywhere, culture
