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Pathology 1 > Week 7 - Part 1 > Flashcards

Week 7 - Part 1 Flashcards

Respiratory

1
Q

(4) examples of Non Infectious respiratory diseases:

A
  • Pulmonary edema
  • Pneumothorax and Hemothorax
  • Asthma
  • COPD
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2
Q

COPD is broken down into (2) sections:

A
  • Chronic bronchitis
  • Emphysema
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3
Q

_____________________ is life-threatening condition in which capillary fluid
moves into the alveoli

A

Acute pulmonary edema

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4
Q

Accumulated fluid in the alveoli and airways causes (3):

A
  • lung stiffness,
  • impairs lung expansion
  • impairs gas exchange
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5
Q

Hemoglobin leaves the pulmonary circulation without being fully oxygenated causing (2):

A

shortness of breath and cyanosis

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6
Q

Why blood-tinged sputum for pulmonary edema?

A
  • Air mixing with the serum albumin
  • Red blood cells that have moved into the alveoli
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7
Q

Why Crackles on auscultation or no air
entry for pulmonary edema?

A
  • Movement of air through the alveolar fluid produces crackles
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8
Q

Why Dyspnea, air hunger & cyanosis for pulmonary edema?

A
  • Decreases ability of lungs to oxygenate the blood
  • Hemoglobin leaves the pulmonary circulation without being fully oxygenated
  • Causes the body to respond by increasing respiratory rate
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9
Q

Pharmacologic agents for treatment of pulmonary edema (2)?

A
  • Diuretics
  • ACE inhibitors
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10
Q

Non-pharmacologic treatment for pulmonary edema?

A

Oxygen and assistance with breathing
through noninvasive or invasive
ventilation

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11
Q

________________ Refers to presence of air in the pleural space

A

Pneumothorax

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12
Q

Pneumothorax causes partial or complete __________ of the affected lung.

A

Collapse

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13
Q

(3) types of pneumothorax?

A
  1. Spontaneous pneumothorax
  2. Traumatic pneumothorax
  3. Tension pneumothorax
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14
Q

________________ pneumothorax may occur due to the rupture of an air-
filled bleb (blister or bullae) on the
surface of the lung

A

Spontaneous

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15
Q

_____________ pneumothorax caused by penetrating or non-penetrating chest injuries

A

Traumatic

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16
Q

______________ or _____________ ribs most
common cause of non-penetrating
chest injuries

A

Fractured or dislocated

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17
Q

____________________ pneumothorax is a life-threatening condition and occurs
when injury to the chest or respiratory
structures allow air to enter but not
leave

A

Tension

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18
Q

What pneumothorax type is the following:

  1. Pain in the affected side
  2. Increase in respiratory rate
  3. Dyspnea
  4. Asymmetry of the chest may also occur
  5. Breath sounds decreased or absent over area of
    pneumothorax.
A

Acute Spontaneous

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19
Q

What pneumothorax type is the following:

  • Mediastinal shift
    -> trachea can be used as a means for assessing
    mediastinal shift.
  • Distention of the neck veins
  • Subcutaneous emphysema in the neck and chest
  • Signs of shock.
  • Hypoxemia
A

Tension pneumothorax

20
Q

Hypoxia vs hypoxemia

A

Hypoxia - Low oxygen levels in tissues
Hypoxemia - Low oxygen levels in blood

21
Q

______________ refers to presence of blood
in the pleural space

A

Hemothorax

22
Q

________________ is the collapse of a lung or part of a lung (lobe)

A

Atelectasis

23
Q

What are these S&S of?

  • Dyspnea
  • Increased HR
  • Increased RR
  • Chest pain
  • Asymmetric chest expansion
    -> affected side “lags” behind unaffected side during ventilation
  • Mediastinal shift toward unaffected
    side
A

Atelectasis

24
Q

Name (2) Obstructive Respiratory
Conditions?

A
  • Asthma
  • COPD
25
Q

___________ is the most common chronic
disease among children

A

Asthma

26
Q

____________ is a respiratory condition marked by spasms in the bronchi of the lungs, causing difficulty in breathing

A

Asthma

27
Q

The strongest risk factors for developing
asthma are:

A combination of ____________________ with environmental exposure to ______________________and particles that may provoke allergic reactions or irritate the airways

A
  1. genetic predisposition
  2. inhaled substances
28
Q

Pathogenesis – acute phase (3):

A
  1. Exposure to extrinsic allergen
  2. Infiltration of WBCs
  3. Bronchospasm
29
Q

What manifestations are the following for?

  • Chest tightness
  • Wheezing
  • Increase RR with prolonged expiration
  • Accessory muscle use
A

Asthma

30
Q

What is PEF?

A

Peak expiratory flow meter

31
Q

___________ is a common test used to check how well your lungs work

A

Spirometry test

32
Q

Treatment for asthma (3):

A
  • SABA or LABA
  • Bronchodilators
  • Steroids
33
Q

SABA means?

A

Short-acting beta agonists

34
Q

LABA means?

A

Long-acting beta agonists

35
Q

_______ is a lung disease
characterized by chronic obstruction of lung airflow that interferes with normal
breathing and is not fully reversible

A

COPD - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

36
Q

____________ is enlargement of air spaces and destruction of lung tissue

A

Emphysema

37
Q

Is α1-antitrypsin deficiency a result of emphysema or chronic bronchitis?

A

Emphysema

38
Q

Obstruction of small airways and chronic irritation from smoking and recurrent infections is _____________

A

Chronic bronchitis

39
Q

Leukotrienes cause bronchoconstriction, true or false?

A

True

40
Q

Clinical manifestation of ________ include:

  • Insidious onset
  • Productive cough in morning, sputum production
  • Dyspnea
  • Fatigue, SOB-OE
  • Exacerbations of infection
  • Progressive change in respiratory function
  • Exacerbation of illness associated with infection
  • Respiratory failure
A

COPD

41
Q

Are pink puffers usually for emphysema or bronchitis?

A

Emphysema

42
Q

Are blue puffers usually for emphysema or bronchitis?

A

Bronchitis

43
Q

________ is a protein you need to protect your lungs from inflammation and damage caused by infections and irritants such as smoke and pollution

A

Alpha-1 Antitrypsin (AAT)

44
Q

______________ is when you have too much carbon dioxide in your blood

A

Hypercapnia

45
Q

________________ is a theory that states that people who chronically retain carbon dioxide lose their hypercarbic drive to breathe

A

hypoxic drive theory

Pathology 1 (8 decks)

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