Week 1 Flashcards
________________ is the physiology of abnormal states in the body (study of disease)
Pathophysiology
What are the (3) components of the Pathophysiology Framework?
- Etiology
- Pathological process
- Interventions
Etiologic factors = __________?
Cause of disease
Cause of most diseases are
________________?
Multifactorial
Many diseases thought to result from a __________________ &
__________________ that trigger
disease development
- genetic predisposition
- environmental event(s)
Name (5) contributing factors of disease?
- Age
- Biological anatomy
- Lifestyle
- Stress
- Environment
Origin and development of disease is also known as _________________?
Pathogenesis
Sequence of cellular and tissue
events that take place from the time of initial contact with an etiologic agent until the disease is expressed (showing signs and symptoms) is known as ______________________________?
Manifestations
____________ describes the biological mechanisms and processes by which a disease or condition develops and progresses within the body
Pathogenesis
_________________ = label as to the
nature or cause of a health
problem
Diagnosis
__________________ are aimed at eliminating or reducing cause of disease and/or manifestations.
Therapeutics
______________ is the likely course of a disease or illness
Prognosis
__________________ is the state of having a specific illness or condition often referring to chronic conditions
Morbidity
_________________ refers to the number of deaths that have occurred due to a specific illness or condition.
Mortality
a medical problem that occurs during a disease, or after a procedure or treatment is a ______________?
Complication
severe but self-limiting disease is _____?
Acute
can run continuously or can present
with exacerbation & remissions disease is ______________?
Chronic
______________ is between acute and chronic (not as severe as an acute and not as prolonged as chronic
Subacute
acute severity related
to chronic disease is ______________?
Acute on chronic
An _________________ is the worsening of a disease or an increase in its symptoms.
Exacerbation
____________ is conditions are defects that are present at birth, although they may not be evident until later in life or may never manifest.
Congenital
____________ are those that are caused by events that occur after birth.
Acquired defects
Although ____________ describes what sets the disease process in motion, ____________ explains how the disease process evolves.
- Etiology
- Pathogenesis
_______________ is a period during which there is a decrease in
severity and symptoms.
Remission
______________ a failure of the body’s immune system to recognize its own cells and tissues as “self.”
Autoimmunity
______________ a process by which a tissue deteriorates, loses functional activity, and may become converted into or replaced by other kinds of tissue
Degeneration
______________ are an abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide more than they should or do not die when they should
Tumor
_________________ is an imbalance between the nutrients your body needs to function and the nutrients it gets
Malnutrition
___________ is the death of the cells in your body tissues
Necrosis
________________ is an invasion of the body by a pathogen
Infection
What are the (6) links to the chain of infection?
- Infectious agent
- Reservoir
- Portal of exit
- Mode of transmission
- Portal of entry
- Susceptible host
The Chain of Infection
______________ is the pathogen (germ) that causes diseases?
Infectious agent
The Chain of Infection
The ______________ includes places in the environment where the pathogen lives (this includes people, animals and insects, medical equipment, and soil and water)
Reservoir
The Chain of Infection
______________ is the way the infectious agent leaves the reservoir (through open wounds, aerosols, and splatter of body fluids including coughing, sneezing, and saliva)
Portal of exit
The Chain of Infection
The ______________ is the way the infectious agent can be passed on (through direct or indirect contact, ingestion, or inhalation)
Mode of transmission
The Chain of Infection
______________ is the way the infectious agent can enter a new host (through broken skin, the respiratory tract, mucous membranes, and catheters and tubes)
Portal of entry
The Chain of Infection
A ____________ can be any person (the most vulnerable of whom are receiving healthcare, are immunocompromised, or have invasive medical devices including lines, devices, and airways)
Susceptible host
Examples of pathogens (4):
- Bacteria
- Viruses
- Fungi
- Parasites
________________ are not generally considered alive because they are not cellular and cannot reproduce on their own
Viruses
Viruses are wrapped in a protein coat called a __________.
Capsid
_________ do not require living tissue to survive, adaptable but each species has its own defined growth parameters
Bacteria
Bacteria have all the cellular
mechanisms to self replicate without a ________
Host
Nearly all prokaryotes (bacteria) have a cell wall.
The cell wall is made of a polymer called ________.
Peptidoglycan (PG)
When stained with Gram stain, cell
walls of bacteria are show a simpler cell; with thick walls containing peptidoglycan
Is this gram-positive or negative?
Gram-positive
When stained with Gram stain, it is shown with less peptidoglycan, and more complex with thin walls and more likely to cause disease.
Is this gram-positive or negative?
Gram-negative
________ are free living, eukaryotic, secrete powerful enzymes to digest their food externally.
Fungi
Fungi acquire their nutrients by _____________?
Absorption
(2) Groups of fungi are ______ and ______
Molds and yeasts
_________ are any rapidly growing fungus that reproduces asexually by producing spores.
Molds
________ are single-celled fungi that reproduce asexually by cell division or budding.
Yeasts
____________ is when bacteria are just on a surface.
____________ is when they invade the tissues and cause disease.
- Colonization
- Infection
What is the term for bacteria that benefits the microorganism, but induces no harm to the human (host)?
Commensalism
What is the term for organisms of two different species in which each benefits from each other?
Mutualism
The severity or harmfulness of a disease is known as ______?
Virulence
Example of mutualism?
Vitamin K in human GI tract
-itis means?
Inflammation
-emia means ____________
In the blood
_____________ or ___________ means bloodstream infection
Sepsis or septicemia
_________________ infection caused by pathogen in a host who has a weak immune system.
Opportunistic
Name (4) Modes of
Transmission:
- Penetration
- Direct Contact
- Ingestion
- Inhalation
___________ refers to the location, host, object or substance from which the infectious agent was
acquired
Source
_____________ are hospital acquired infections
Nosocomial
(5) Disease Course stages in Infection
- Incubation Period
- Prodromal
- Acute
- Convalescent Period
- Resolution Period
Which Disease Course stage is the following?
Pathogen begins active replication without producing recognizing symptoms in host.
Incubation period
Which Disease Course stage is the following?
Initial appearance of symptoms in the host
Prodromal stage (Onset of symptoms)
Which Disease Course stage is the following?
- Host experiences maximum impact of infection due to rapid proliferation and spread of pathogen.
- Symptoms more specific
Acute stage
Which Disease Course stage is the following?
Containment of infection, progressive elimination of pathogen, repair of damaged
tissue and resolution of associated symptoms
Convalescent period
Which Disease Course stage is the following?
Total elimination of pathogen without residual signs or symptoms
Resolution
Infection to resolution without clinical apparent symptoms is ___________?
Subclinical or subacute
_____________ is when the prodromal phase is prolonged
Insidious
__________ is when the illness is characterized by abrupt onset
with no prodrome
Fulminant
Which diagnostic test is the following?
- Propagation of microorganism
outside the body on an artificial
medium - Placed in a controlled environment until growth of microorganism becomes detectable.
- Organism is identified under
microscope and through biochemical
reactions (including gram stain)
Culture
_________________ is typically done to determine which drugs are capable of killing the organism or the organism is resistant to
Sensitivity
Which diagnostic test is the following?
Indirect means of identifying infections by measuring serum antibodies in host
Serology
Which diagnostic test is the following?
- Newer technology that reduces detection time
- Uses florescent dye and microscope to detect
antigens on specific pathogens that will glow
against a black background
Direct Antigen Detection
Which diagnostic test is the following?
- Used to detect DNA or RNA sequences unique
to a single virus or bacterium - Most rapid test
- Extremely sensitive and specific
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
The diagnostic method of __________ monitors WBC (indirect
method)
Complete blood count (CBC)
Bacterial infections cause increase in ____________?
Neutrophils
Parasitic or allergic reactions cause increase in ___________?
Eosinophils
Viral infections decrease _____________ and increase in
______________?
- neutrophils
- lymphocytes
More immature neutrophils
produced with more severe
infections. This is called ____________ or ________________?
‘shift to the left’ or LEFT SHIFT
What are the (4) Mechanisms of Antibiotic Action?
1) Interference with cell wall synthesis.
2) Inhibition of protein synthesis.
3) Interruption of nucleic acid synthesis.
4) Interference with normal metabolism.
Fungal cell membranes contain _____________ (instead of cholesterol found in human cell
membranes)
Ergosteral
(2) types of antifungals
- Polyene family
- Imidazole class
__________________ antifungal binds to ergosteral and forms holes in cytoplasm and interfere with cell function
Polyene family
_______________ antifungal inhibits
ergosteral synthesis and therefore cell wall synthesis
Imidazole class
___________ describes elevation of body temperature caused by
cytokine-induced upward displacement of the set-
point of the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center
Fever
Fever is caused by __________
Pyrogens
_____________ pyrogens can act
indirectly and take several hours
to produce fever.
Exogenous
______________ pyrogens: released
directly from host cells, (leukocytes and macrophages) and act as fever producing mediators.
Endogenous
Endogenous pyrogens increase set
point of hypothalamus through
_________________?
Prostaglandins
What are the (4) stages of the Clinical Course of Fever?
- Prodromal period
- Chill stage
- Flush stage
- Defervescence (decrease in body temp.)
Which stage of the Clinical Course of Fever is the following?
- Temperature starts to rise
- Experiences a chill
- Non-specific complaints
Prodromal period
Which stage of the Clinical Course of Fever is the following?
- Chilled shaking, vasoconstriction
and piloerection - Shivering ceases &
feeling of warmth develops when
thermostatic set point reached
Chill stage
Which stage of the Clinical Course of Fever is the following?
– Cutaneous vasodilation occurs
- Skin becomes warm &
reddened
Flush stage
Which stage of the Clinical Course of Fever is the following?
- Temperature becomes normal
- marked by sweating
Defervescence
List (6) Manifestations of Fever
- Anorexia, muscle and
joint pain, fatigue - Increased respiration
and heart rate - Dehydration from
sweating and vapor
losses from increased
respiratory rate - Increased metabolic
rate - Headache (vasodilation
of cerebral vessels)
-Elderly/older adult:
delirium and confusion
(poor oxygenation of the
aging lung with resulting
cerebral hypoxemia)
What are ways to manage fever?
- Treating the underlying cause
- Sponge baths with cool water
- Cooling blanket
- Adequate fluids
- Sufficient amount of simple
carbohydrates - Antipyretic drugs
_____________ reflects the number of new cases arising in a population at risk during a specified time
Incidence
_____________ is a measure of existing disease in a population at a given point in time
Prevalence
