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Pathology 1 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

________________ is the physiology of abnormal states in the body (study of disease)

A

Pathophysiology

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2
Q

What are the (3) components of the Pathophysiology Framework?

A
  1. Etiology
  2. Pathological process
  3. Interventions
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3
Q

Etiologic factors = __________?

A

Cause of disease

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4
Q

Cause of most diseases are
________________?

A

Multifactorial

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5
Q

Many diseases thought to result from a __________________ &
__________________ that trigger
disease development

A
  1. genetic predisposition
  2. environmental event(s)
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6
Q

Name (5) contributing factors of disease?

A
  • Age
  • Biological anatomy
  • Lifestyle
  • Stress
  • Environment
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7
Q

Origin and development of disease is also known as _________________?

A

Pathogenesis

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8
Q

Sequence of cellular and tissue
events that take place from the time of initial contact with an etiologic agent until the disease is expressed (showing signs and symptoms) is known as ______________________________?

A

Manifestations

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9
Q

____________ describes the biological mechanisms and processes by which a disease or condition develops and progresses within the body

A

Pathogenesis

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10
Q

_________________ = label as to the
nature or cause of a health
problem

A

Diagnosis

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11
Q

__________________ are aimed at eliminating or reducing cause of disease and/or manifestations.

A

Therapeutics

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12
Q

______________ is the likely course of a disease or illness

A

Prognosis

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13
Q

__________________ is the state of having a specific illness or condition often referring to chronic conditions

A

Morbidity

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14
Q

_________________ refers to the number of deaths that have occurred due to a specific illness or condition.

A

Mortality

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15
Q

a medical problem that occurs during a disease, or after a procedure or treatment is a ______________?

A

Complication

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16
Q

severe but self-limiting disease is _____?

A

Acute

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17
Q

can run continuously or can present
with exacerbation & remissions disease is ______________?

A

Chronic

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18
Q

______________ is between acute and chronic (not as severe as an acute and not as prolonged as chronic

A

Subacute

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19
Q

acute severity related
to chronic disease is ______________?

A

Acute on chronic

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20
Q

An _________________ is the worsening of a disease or an increase in its symptoms.

A

Exacerbation

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21
Q

____________ is conditions are defects that are present at birth, although they may not be evident until later in life or may never manifest.

A

Congenital

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22
Q

____________ are those that are caused by events that occur after birth.

A

Acquired defects

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23
Q

Although ____________ describes what sets the disease process in motion, ____________ explains how the disease process evolves.

A
  1. Etiology
  2. Pathogenesis
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24
Q

_______________ is a period during which there is a decrease in
severity and symptoms.

A

Remission

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25
Q

______________ a failure of the body’s immune system to recognize its own cells and tissues as “self.”

A

Autoimmunity

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26
Q

______________ a process by which a tissue deteriorates, loses functional activity, and may become converted into or replaced by other kinds of tissue

A

Degeneration

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27
Q

______________ are an abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide more than they should or do not die when they should

A

Tumor

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28
Q

_________________ is an imbalance between the nutrients your body needs to function and the nutrients it gets

A

Malnutrition

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29
Q

___________ is the death of the cells in your body tissues

A

Necrosis

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30
Q

________________ is an invasion of the body by a pathogen

A

Infection

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31
Q

What are the (6) links to the chain of infection?

A
  • Infectious agent
  • Reservoir
  • Portal of exit
  • Mode of transmission
  • Portal of entry
  • Susceptible host
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32
Q

The Chain of Infection

______________ is the pathogen (germ) that causes diseases?

A

Infectious agent

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33
Q

The Chain of Infection

The ______________ includes places in the environment where the pathogen lives (this includes people, animals and insects, medical equipment, and soil and water)

A

Reservoir

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34
Q

The Chain of Infection

______________ is the way the infectious agent leaves the reservoir (through open wounds, aerosols, and splatter of body fluids including coughing, sneezing, and saliva)

A

Portal of exit

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35
Q

The Chain of Infection

The ______________ is the way the infectious agent can be passed on (through direct or indirect contact, ingestion, or inhalation)

A

Mode of transmission

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36
Q

The Chain of Infection

______________ is the way the infectious agent can enter a new host (through broken skin, the respiratory tract, mucous membranes, and catheters and tubes)

A

Portal of entry

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37
Q

The Chain of Infection

A ____________ can be any person (the most vulnerable of whom are receiving healthcare, are immunocompromised, or have invasive medical devices including lines, devices, and airways)

A

Susceptible host

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38
Q

Examples of pathogens (4):

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Viruses
  3. Fungi
  4. Parasites
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39
Q

________________ are not generally considered alive because they are not cellular and cannot reproduce on their own

A

Viruses

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40
Q

Viruses are wrapped in a protein coat called a __________.

A

Capsid

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41
Q

_________ do not require living tissue to survive, adaptable but each species has its own defined growth parameters

A

Bacteria

42
Q

Bacteria have all the cellular
mechanisms to self replicate without a ________

A

Host

43
Q

Nearly all prokaryotes (bacteria) have a cell wall.

The cell wall is made of a polymer called ________.

A

Peptidoglycan (PG)

44
Q

When stained with Gram stain, cell
walls of bacteria are show a simpler cell; with thick walls containing peptidoglycan

Is this gram-positive or negative?

A

Gram-positive

45
Q

When stained with Gram stain, it is shown with less peptidoglycan, and more complex with thin walls and more likely to cause disease.

Is this gram-positive or negative?

A

Gram-negative

46
Q

________ are free living, eukaryotic, secrete powerful enzymes to digest their food externally.

A

Fungi

47
Q

Fungi acquire their nutrients by _____________?

A

Absorption

48
Q

(2) Groups of fungi are ______ and ______

A

Molds and yeasts

49
Q

_________ are any rapidly growing fungus that reproduces asexually by producing spores.

A

Molds

50
Q

________ are single-celled fungi that reproduce asexually by cell division or budding.

A

Yeasts

51
Q

____________ is when bacteria are just on a surface.

____________ is when they invade the tissues and cause disease.

A
  1. Colonization
  2. Infection
52
Q

What is the term for bacteria that benefits the microorganism, but induces no harm to the human (host)?

A

Commensalism

53
Q

What is the term for organisms of two different species in which each benefits from each other?

A

Mutualism

54
Q

The severity or harmfulness of a disease is known as ______?

A

Virulence

55
Q

Example of mutualism?

A

Vitamin K in human GI tract

56
Q

-itis means?

A

Inflammation

57
Q

-emia means ____________

A

In the blood

58
Q

_____________ or ___________ means bloodstream infection

A

Sepsis or septicemia

59
Q

_________________ infection caused by pathogen in a host who has a weak immune system.

A

Opportunistic

60
Q

Name (4) Modes of
Transmission:

A
  • Penetration
  • Direct Contact
  • Ingestion
  • Inhalation
61
Q

___________ refers to the location, host, object or substance from which the infectious agent was
acquired

A

Source

62
Q

_____________ are hospital acquired infections

A

Nosocomial

63
Q

(5) Disease Course stages in Infection

A
  1. Incubation Period
  2. Prodromal
  3. Acute
  4. Convalescent Period
  5. Resolution Period
64
Q

Which Disease Course stage is the following?

Pathogen begins active replication without producing recognizing symptoms in host.

A

Incubation period

65
Q

Which Disease Course stage is the following?

Initial appearance of symptoms in the host

A

Prodromal stage (Onset of symptoms)

66
Q

Which Disease Course stage is the following?

  • Host experiences maximum impact of infection due to rapid proliferation and spread of pathogen.
  • Symptoms more specific
A

Acute stage

67
Q

Which Disease Course stage is the following?

Containment of infection, progressive elimination of pathogen, repair of damaged
tissue and resolution of associated symptoms

A

Convalescent period

68
Q

Which Disease Course stage is the following?

Total elimination of pathogen without residual signs or symptoms

A

Resolution

69
Q

Infection to resolution without clinical apparent symptoms is ___________?

A

Subclinical or subacute

70
Q

_____________ is when the prodromal phase is prolonged

A

Insidious

71
Q

__________ is when the illness is characterized by abrupt onset
with no prodrome

A

Fulminant

72
Q

Which diagnostic test is the following?

  • Propagation of microorganism
    outside the body on an artificial
    medium
  • Placed in a controlled environment until growth of microorganism becomes detectable.
  • Organism is identified under
    microscope and through biochemical
    reactions (including gram stain)
A

Culture

73
Q

_________________ is typically done to determine which drugs are capable of killing the organism or the organism is resistant to

A

Sensitivity

74
Q

Which diagnostic test is the following?

Indirect means of identifying infections by measuring serum antibodies in host

A

Serology

75
Q

Which diagnostic test is the following?

  • Newer technology that reduces detection time
  • Uses florescent dye and microscope to detect
    antigens on specific pathogens that will glow
    against a black background
A

Direct Antigen Detection

76
Q

Which diagnostic test is the following?

  • Used to detect DNA or RNA sequences unique
    to a single virus or bacterium
  • Most rapid test
  • Extremely sensitive and specific
A

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

77
Q

The diagnostic method of __________ monitors WBC (indirect
method)

A

Complete blood count (CBC)

78
Q

Bacterial infections cause increase in ____________?

A

Neutrophils

79
Q

Parasitic or allergic reactions cause increase in ___________?

A

Eosinophils

80
Q

Viral infections decrease _____________ and increase in
______________?

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. lymphocytes
81
Q

More immature neutrophils
produced with more severe
infections. This is called ____________ or ________________?

A

‘shift to the left’ or LEFT SHIFT

82
Q

What are the (4) Mechanisms of Antibiotic Action?

A

1) Interference with cell wall synthesis.
2) Inhibition of protein synthesis.
3) Interruption of nucleic acid synthesis.
4) Interference with normal metabolism.

83
Q

Fungal cell membranes contain _____________ (instead of cholesterol found in human cell
membranes)

A

Ergosteral

84
Q

(2) types of antifungals

A
  • Polyene family
  • Imidazole class
85
Q

__________________ antifungal binds to ergosteral and forms holes in cytoplasm and interfere with cell function

A

Polyene family

86
Q

_______________ antifungal inhibits
ergosteral synthesis and therefore cell wall synthesis

A

Imidazole class

87
Q

___________ describes elevation of body temperature caused by
cytokine-induced upward displacement of the set-
point of the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center

A

Fever

88
Q

Fever is caused by __________

A

Pyrogens

89
Q

_____________ pyrogens can act
indirectly and take several hours
to produce fever.

A

Exogenous

90
Q

______________ pyrogens: released
directly from host cells, (leukocytes and macrophages) and act as fever producing mediators.

A

Endogenous

91
Q

Endogenous pyrogens increase set
point of hypothalamus through
_________________?

A

Prostaglandins

92
Q

What are the (4) stages of the Clinical Course of Fever?

A
  1. Prodromal period
  2. Chill stage
  3. Flush stage
  4. Defervescence (decrease in body temp.)
93
Q

Which stage of the Clinical Course of Fever is the following?

  • Temperature starts to rise
  • Experiences a chill
  • Non-specific complaints
A

Prodromal period

94
Q

Which stage of the Clinical Course of Fever is the following?

  • Chilled shaking, vasoconstriction
    and piloerection
  • Shivering ceases &
    feeling of warmth develops when
    thermostatic set point reached
A

Chill stage

95
Q

Which stage of the Clinical Course of Fever is the following?

– Cutaneous vasodilation occurs

  • Skin becomes warm &
    reddened
A

Flush stage

96
Q

Which stage of the Clinical Course of Fever is the following?

  • Temperature becomes normal
  • marked by sweating
A

Defervescence

97
Q

List (6) Manifestations of Fever

A
  • Anorexia, muscle and
    joint pain, fatigue
  • Increased respiration
    and heart rate
  • Dehydration from
    sweating and vapor
    losses from increased
    respiratory rate
  • Increased metabolic
    rate
  • Headache (vasodilation
    of cerebral vessels)

-Elderly/older adult:
delirium and confusion
(poor oxygenation of the
aging lung with resulting
cerebral hypoxemia)

98
Q

What are ways to manage fever?

A
  • Treating the underlying cause
  • Sponge baths with cool water
  • Cooling blanket
  • Adequate fluids
  • Sufficient amount of simple
    carbohydrates
  • Antipyretic drugs
99
Q

_____________ reflects the number of new cases arising in a population at risk during a specified time

A

Incidence

100
Q

_____________ is a measure of existing disease in a population at a given point in time

A

Prevalence

Pathology 1 (8 decks)

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