Week 11 - Part 2 Flashcards
What is ECF?
Extracellular Fluid - it is the fluid found outside the cells in the body
What is ICF?
Intracellular Fluid - which is the fluid inside the cells of the body
The process where particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until they are evenly spread out is referred to as?
Diffusion
What is the medical term for swelling caused by a buildup of fluid in the body’s tissues?
Edema
What hormone helps the body regulate water balance by reducing urine production and conserving water in the kidneys?
ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
What is a measure of the concentration of dissolved particles (solutes) in a solution?
Osmolarity
What kind of receptors control the amount of sodium and water the kidneys remove by adjusting the signals from the sympathetic nervous system and ADH?
Baroreceptors
What is in charge of reabsorption of Na & H20?
Aldosterone
Where is the thirst mechanism located?
In the hypothalamus
What hormone controls amount of fluid leaving the body in the urine?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
What is the group of hormones that help regulate the balance of sodium and water in the body, as well as control blood pressure?
Natriuretic peptide hormones
Edema is excess amount of fluid in where?
interstitial area
What causes swelling or enlargement of tissues?
Edema
Does dehydration affect ECF or ICF first?
Affects ECF first then ICF
Fluid loss is measured by?
Change in body weight
What is the decrease percentage of severe dehydration?
8% decrease
What are (6) causes of dehydration?
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Excess sweating
- DKA
- Inadequate intake
- Use of concentrated formula (infants)
What are (6) manifestations of dehydration?
- Dry mucous membranes
- Decreased skin turgor or elasticity
- Low BP, weak pulse
- Fatigue
- Increased hematocrit
- Decreased mental function, confusion, LOC
What is the most abundant cation in the ECF?
Sodium
Where is sodium absorbed and eliminated?
Absorbed in GI tract and eliminated by
kidneys
Disorders of Na+ concentration produce a change in the osmolality where?
In the ECF
What is movement of water from ECF to ICF?
Hyponatremia
What is movement of water from ICF to ECF?
Hypernatremia
In Hyponatremia, serum sodium level is less than?
135 mmol
Hyponatremia results from (2)?
Excess Na loss or water gain
Different causes of decreased concentration in hyponatremia? (4)
- Hypertonic (hyperglycemia)
- Hypotonic (Water retention)
- Hypovolemic (Excess sweating/exercise,
diarrhea) - Hypervolemic (Accompanied by
edema)
What are early manifestations of hyponatremia? (4)
- Fingerprint edema
- Muscle cramps, weakness & twitching
- Hypotension, tachycardia, weak,
thready pulse - N&V, abdo cramps
What are treatment options for hyponatremia? (2)
- Restore Na levels: Saline solution/hypertonic saline
- Loop diuretic (furosemide)
If severe hyponatremia occurs under 48 hrs, what should the nurse give?
Rapid treatment with 3% NS
If severe hyponatremia occurs over 48 hrs, what can happen?
May cause dramatic change in brain cell volume
In Hypernatremia, serum sodium level is more than?
145 mmol
What happens to ECF in hypernatremia?
ECF becomes hypertonic
Hypernatremia leads to dehydration of?
The cells
What are common causes of hypernatremia?
- Water loss
- Sodium gain
Causes of hypernatremia? (7)
- Loss of water from respiratory
tract - Watery diarrhea
- Hypertonic tube feeds with inadequate amount of water
- Excess Na intake
- Cardiac arrest (medications)
- Deprivation of water
- Renal failure
What are manifestations of hypernatremia? (7)
- Thirst
- Decreased urine output
- Increased urine osmolality
- Skin warm, flushed, decreased turgor
- Increase serum osmolality
- Dry mucous membranes
- Decreased reflexes
Diagnosis of hypernatremia? (2)
- History and physical – signs of dehydration
- Labs
Where is potassium absorbed?
Absorbed in proximal tubule and loop of Henle
Where is potassium secreted?
Secreted in distal and cortical
tubules for elimination
What is the most abundant cation in the ICF?
Potassium
What electrolyte plays a role in conducting nerve impulses & excitability of muscles?
Potassium
Insulin increases cellular uptake of what electrolyte?
Potassium
Does muscle contraction increase or decrease potassium in ECF?
Increase
Hypokalemia is when potassium is under how many mmol?
Less than 3.5 mmol
What causes the resting membrane of the cell to become more negative?
Hypokalemia
What are (3) causes of hypokalemia?
- Inadequate intake
- Excessive loss
- Transcellular shifts
Foods high in potassium? (2)
- Bananas
- Orange juice
Hypokalemia is when potassium is more than how many mmol?
Greater than 5.0 mmol
What are (3) general causes of hyperkalemia?
- Decreased renal elimination
- Movement from ICF to ECF
- Rapid IV administration
What are (2) manifestations of hyperkalemia include?
- ECG changes: peaked T waves
- Cardiac arrest
Treatment in emergency for hypokalemia? (4)
- Calcium
- Sodium bicarbonate
- Beta-agonist
- Insulin and glucose
What is a clinical test used to detect low calcium levels (hypocalcemia) in the body?
Trousseau’s sign
What is a test where tapping the face causes muscle twitching, indicating possible low calcium levels in the body?
Chvostek sign
What is a condition characterized by muscle cramps, spasms, or sustained contractions?
Tetany
