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Pathology 1 > Week 11 - Part 2 > Flashcards

Week 11 - Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is ECF?

A

Extracellular Fluid - it is the fluid found outside the cells in the body

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2
Q

What is ICF?

A

Intracellular Fluid - which is the fluid inside the cells of the body

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3
Q

The process where particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until they are evenly spread out is referred to as?

A

Diffusion

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4
Q

What is the medical term for swelling caused by a buildup of fluid in the body’s tissues?

A

Edema

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5
Q

What hormone helps the body regulate water balance by reducing urine production and conserving water in the kidneys?

A

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

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6
Q

What is a measure of the concentration of dissolved particles (solutes) in a solution?

A

Osmolarity

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7
Q

What kind of receptors control the amount of sodium and water the kidneys remove by adjusting the signals from the sympathetic nervous system and ADH?

A

Baroreceptors

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8
Q

What is in charge of reabsorption of Na & H20?

A

Aldosterone

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9
Q

Where is the thirst mechanism located?

A

In the hypothalamus

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10
Q

What hormone controls amount of fluid leaving the body in the urine?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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11
Q

What is the group of hormones that help regulate the balance of sodium and water in the body, as well as control blood pressure?

A

Natriuretic peptide hormones

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12
Q

Edema is excess amount of fluid in where?

A

interstitial area

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13
Q

What causes swelling or enlargement of tissues?

A

Edema

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14
Q

Does dehydration affect ECF or ICF first?

A

Affects ECF first then ICF

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15
Q

Fluid loss is measured by?

A

Change in body weight

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16
Q

What is the decrease percentage of severe dehydration?

A

8% decrease

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17
Q

What are (6) causes of dehydration?

A
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Excess sweating
  • DKA
  • Inadequate intake
  • Use of concentrated formula (infants)
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18
Q

What are (6) manifestations of dehydration?

A
  • Dry mucous membranes
  • Decreased skin turgor or elasticity
  • Low BP, weak pulse
  • Fatigue
  • Increased hematocrit
  • Decreased mental function, confusion, LOC
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19
Q

What is the most abundant cation in the ECF?

A

Sodium

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20
Q

Where is sodium absorbed and eliminated?

A

Absorbed in GI tract and eliminated by
kidneys

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21
Q

Disorders of Na+ concentration produce a change in the osmolality where?

A

In the ECF

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22
Q

What is movement of water from ECF to ICF?

A

Hyponatremia

23
Q

What is movement of water from ICF to ECF?

A

Hypernatremia

24
Q

In Hyponatremia, serum sodium level is less than?

A

135 mmol

25
Q

Hyponatremia results from (2)?

A

Excess Na loss or water gain

26
Q

Different causes of decreased concentration in hyponatremia? (4)

A
  • Hypertonic (hyperglycemia)
  • Hypotonic (Water retention)
  • Hypovolemic (Excess sweating/exercise,
    diarrhea)
  • Hypervolemic (Accompanied by
    edema)
27
Q

What are early manifestations of hyponatremia? (4)

A
  • Fingerprint edema
  • Muscle cramps, weakness & twitching
  • Hypotension, tachycardia, weak,
    thready pulse
  • N&V, abdo cramps
28
Q

What are treatment options for hyponatremia? (2)

A
  • Restore Na levels: Saline solution/hypertonic saline
  • Loop diuretic (furosemide)
29
Q

If severe hyponatremia occurs under 48 hrs, what should the nurse give?

A

Rapid treatment with 3% NS

30
Q

If severe hyponatremia occurs over 48 hrs, what can happen?

A

May cause dramatic change in brain cell volume

31
Q

In Hypernatremia, serum sodium level is more than?

A

145 mmol

32
Q

What happens to ECF in hypernatremia?

A

ECF becomes hypertonic

33
Q

Hypernatremia leads to dehydration of?

A

The cells

34
Q

What are common causes of hypernatremia?

A
  • Water loss
  • Sodium gain
35
Q

Causes of hypernatremia? (7)

A
  • Loss of water from respiratory
    tract
  • Watery diarrhea
  • Hypertonic tube feeds with inadequate amount of water
  • Excess Na intake
  • Cardiac arrest (medications)
  • Deprivation of water
  • Renal failure
36
Q

What are manifestations of hypernatremia? (7)

A
  • Thirst
  • Decreased urine output
  • Increased urine osmolality
  • Skin warm, flushed, decreased turgor
  • Increase serum osmolality
  • Dry mucous membranes
  • Decreased reflexes
37
Q

Diagnosis of hypernatremia? (2)

A
  • History and physical – signs of dehydration
  • Labs
38
Q

Where is potassium absorbed?

A

Absorbed in proximal tubule and loop of Henle

39
Q

Where is potassium secreted?

A

Secreted in distal and cortical
tubules for elimination

40
Q

What is the most abundant cation in the ICF?

A

Potassium

41
Q

What electrolyte plays a role in conducting nerve impulses & excitability of muscles?

A

Potassium

42
Q

Insulin increases cellular uptake of what electrolyte?

A

Potassium

43
Q

Does muscle contraction increase or decrease potassium in ECF?

A

Increase

44
Q

Hypokalemia is when potassium is under how many mmol?

A

Less than 3.5 mmol

45
Q

What causes the resting membrane of the cell to become more negative?

A

Hypokalemia

46
Q

What are (3) causes of hypokalemia?

A
  • Inadequate intake
  • Excessive loss
  • Transcellular shifts
47
Q

Foods high in potassium? (2)

A
  • Bananas
  • Orange juice
48
Q

Hypokalemia is when potassium is more than how many mmol?

A

Greater than 5.0 mmol

49
Q

What are (3) general causes of hyperkalemia?

A
  • Decreased renal elimination
  • Movement from ICF to ECF
  • Rapid IV administration
50
Q

What are (2) manifestations of hyperkalemia include?

A
  • ECG changes: peaked T waves
  • Cardiac arrest
51
Q

Treatment in emergency for hypokalemia? (4)

A
  • Calcium
  • Sodium bicarbonate
  • Beta-agonist
  • Insulin and glucose
52
Q

What is a clinical test used to detect low calcium levels (hypocalcemia) in the body?

A

Trousseau’s sign

53
Q

What is a test where tapping the face causes muscle twitching, indicating possible low calcium levels in the body?

A

Chvostek sign

54
Q

What is a condition characterized by muscle cramps, spasms, or sustained contractions?

A

Tetany

Pathology 1 (14 decks)

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