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Pathology 1 > Week 12 - fractures > Flashcards

Week 12 - fractures Flashcards

1
Q

What is the thin, tough layer of tissue that covers the outer surface of bones, except at the joints where bones meet?

A

Periosteum

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2
Q

What is the spongy tissue inside bones that makes blood cells and stores energy?

A

Bone marrow

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3
Q

What represents a disruption in the continuity of a bone?

A

Fracture

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4
Q

When more stress is placed on the bone than it is able to absorb, it causes a?

A

Fracture

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5
Q

(3) General causes of fractures?

A
  • Caused by sudden injury
  • Fatigue stress, excess stress to bone
  • Pathologic stress
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6
Q

What are (3) main locations of fractures?

A
  • Proximal, midshaft, distal
  • Head/neck of bone
  • Condyle, malleolus
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7
Q

What is a rounded, smooth area at the end of a bone, typically found in joint?

A

A condyle

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8
Q

What is a bony bump found on each side of the ankle?
-> It helps stabilize and support the ankle joint

A

Malleolus

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9
Q

The type of fracture is determined by what (3) characteristics?

A
  • open/closed
  • Degree of #
  • Character of # pieces
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10
Q

What are (2) Direction/Pattern for a fracture?

A
  • Transverse #
  • Spiral
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11
Q

What are manifestations of a fracture? (9) name a few

A
  • pain
  • ecchymosis (bruise)
  • swelling loss of function
  • crepitus
  • abnormal mobility
  • deformity
  • muscle spasm
  • numbness
  • tenderness
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12
Q

What is the medical term for bruise?

A

Ecchymosis

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13
Q

What is the crackling, popping, or grinding sound or sensation that occurs when bones, joints, or tissues rub together?

A

Crepitus

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14
Q

(3) Diagnosis test for fractures?

A
  • X-ray
  • CT scan
  • Bone scan
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15
Q

(3) treatment goals for fracture?

A
  • Reduction
  • Immobilization
  • Preserve and restore function
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16
Q

What are (4) principles of bone healing?

A
  • Hematoma formation
  • Soft tissue callus
  • Ossification
  • Remodeling
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17
Q

What play a role in the repair process by bringing in nutrients and cells needed for healing in the periosteum?

A

Blood vessels

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18
Q

New blood vessels form in the injured area to supply oxygen and nutrients, which are essential for tissue repair and bone regeneration, this is known as?

A

Neovascularization

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19
Q

What is created to stabilize the area and provide a framework for new bone cells to grow?

A

Formation of fibrin meshwork

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20
Q

What proteins signal cells to start repairing and rebuilding the damaged bone and tissue?

A

Growth factors

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21
Q

What is a soft, temporary structure made of connective tissue forms at the fracture site to begin stabilizing the broken bone?

A

Procallus

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22
Q

What type of cells produce collagen and help form connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts

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23
Q

What type of bone-building cells that help regenerate new bone?

A

Osteoblasts

24
Q

What (2) cells migrate to the fracture site to start the repair process?

A
  • Fibroblasts
  • Osteoblasts
25
Q

What type of callus develops to connect bone fragments that bridge the gap between the broken bone pieces?

A

Fibrocartilaginous callus

26
Q

What are deposited into the soft fibrocartilage callus, turning it into a hard, bony callus?

A

Mineral salts

27
Q

Do the osteocytes work outwards to inwards or inwards to outwards?

A

Osteoblasts start on the outer surface of the bone and progress inward

28
Q

The initial fibrocartilage callus is gradually replaced by?

A

Spongy bone

29
Q

What are cells that break down and remove dead or damaged bone tissue. This helps clean up the area, preparing it for new bone growth.

A

Osteoclasts

30
Q

What type of bone replaces spongy bone at periphery over time?

A

Compact bone

31
Q

What influences fracture healing? (5)

A
  • Nutritional status
  • Age
  • Co-morbidities
  • Medication
  • Smoking
32
Q

After a fracture, function usually returns how many months later?

A

6 months

33
Q

What is a condition of increased
pressure within a limited space?

A

Compartment syndrome

34
Q

If the pressure is high in limited space, then tissue circulation is?

A

Compromised, and permanent damage may occur

35
Q

Compartment syndrome may develop from (3) things:

A
  1. Decreased compartment size (cast, dressing)
  2. Increase in volume of contents (trauma, bleeding, swelling)
  3. Combination of both
36
Q

Manifestations of compartment syndrome? (3)

A
  • severe pain – hallmark symptom
  • Paresthesia – nerve compression
  • diminished pulses
37
Q

What is a hallmark symptom of compartment syndrome?

A

Severe pain

38
Q

Physician can check pressure of compartment with?

A

A needle

39
Q

Muscle necrosis can occur in how many hours?

A

4-8 hours

40
Q

Is treatment for compartment syndrome an emergency?

A

Yes! Check pulses and remove cast or dressing, and elevate limb

41
Q

What is a surgery to cut open the tissue around muscles to relieve pressure and prevent further damage if compartment syndrome is severe?

A

Fasciotomy

42
Q

Presence of fat droplets in small vessels released from bone marrow due to long bone # describes?

A

Fat Embolism Syndrome

43
Q

How does fat droplets enter circulation in fat embolism syndrome?

A
  • Via torn veins
44
Q

What kind of rash will appear on chest after 2 days of fat embolism syndrome?

A

Petechiae rash

45
Q

Manifestations of fat embolism syndrome?

A
  • Respiratory failure, cerebral dysfunction and skin/mucosal petechiae
46
Q

Initial symptoms of fat embolism syndrome begin when?

A

Within a few hours to 3-4 days after injury

47
Q

Highest risk period of fat embolism syndrome is when?

A

within 1 week of injury

48
Q

What are (2) diagnostics tests for fat embolism syndrome detection?

A
  • Urgent CXR (chest xray)
  • ABGs
49
Q

Fat embolism syndrome treatment? (3)

A
  • Prevent with early stabilization of fractures
  • Supportive care: O2, IV fluids etc.
  • Corticosteroids to decrease inflammatory response
50
Q

What are (3) Complications of Fracture Healing?

A
  • Malunion
  • Delayed union
  • Nonunion
51
Q

Deformity at fracture (#) site and deformity on Xray describes which fracture healing complication?

A

Malunion

52
Q

Not healing in predicted time and
inadequate immobilization or
reduction describes which fracture healing complication?

A

Delayed union

53
Q

Failure to heal before process
stops, pain on weight bearing, and
Muscle atrophy/loss ROM describes which fracture healing complication?

A

Nonunion

54
Q

What forms when parts of the skin’s epidermis die, causing it to separate from the dermis due to fluid buildup?

A

Fracture blisters

55
Q

What is the medical term for blisters?

A

Skin bullae

56
Q

Where are (3) places that fracture blisters most commonly occur?

A
  • Ankle
  • Elbow
  • Knee
57
Q

What occurs with more severe with motor vehicle accidents & falls and has an increased risk for infection?

A

Fracture blisters

Pathology 1 (14 decks)

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