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Pathology 1 > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

________ perfusion is the process of delivery of blood to a capillary bed in the
biological tissue

A

Tissue

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2
Q

___________ is an abnormal bulging of and arterial wall (“a widening”)

A

Aneurysm

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3
Q

What (3) major arteries are affected by a stroke?

A
  • Middle cerebral artery (Most common)
  • Posterior cerebral artery
  • Anterior cerebral artery
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4
Q

_______________ is an abnormally low flow of blood to tissues

A

Ischemia

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5
Q

An ____________ is a blockage or occlusion that forms when a blood clot or other
foreign particle moves through the circulation

A

Embolism

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6
Q

What are (2) main types of stroke?

A
  • Ischemic
  • Hemorrhagic
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7
Q

What type of stroke occurs when a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain is obstructed?

A

Ischemic stroke

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8
Q

What type of stroke occurs when a weakened blood vessel ruptures?

A

Hemorrhagic

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9
Q

(3) Subtypes of Ischemic
stroke?

A
  • Large vessel (thrombotic stroke)
  • Small vessel stroke (lacunar infarct)
  • Cardiogenic embolic
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10
Q

Ischemic stroke is caused by _____________ or _____________?

A
  1. Thrombosis
  2. Emboli
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11
Q

Ischemic Stroke risk Factors (11):

A
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Race
  • Family history
  • Hypertension —-
  • Cigarette smoking
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Asymptomatic carotid stenosis
  • Sickle cell disease —-
  • Hyperlipidemia
  • Atrial fibrillation —-
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12
Q

(5) main mechanisms of stroke
subtypes:

A
  1. Large artery atherosclerotic disease
  2. Small vessel or penetrating artery
    disease
  3. Cardiogenic emboli
  4. Cryptogenic stroke
  5. Unusual causes
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13
Q

______________ is a region that is salvageable brain tissue surrounding the core infarct

A

penumbra

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14
Q

___________ is a region that is irreversibly damaged brain

A

Ischemic core

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15
Q

_________________________ is the pressure exerted by fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid inside the skull and on the brain tissue

A

Intracranial pressure

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16
Q

Thrombotic Stroke Affects the cerebral cortex which manifests as (2):

A

Aphasia and neglect

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17
Q

lacunar infarct is AKA?

A

Small vessel stroke

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18
Q

_____________________ Result from occlusion of smaller penetrating branches of large cerebral arteries like the middle and posterior cerebral arteries

A

Small vessel stroke

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19
Q

Healing lacunar infarcts leave behind ____________

A

Lacunae

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20
Q

Cause lacunar syndromes including (4):

A
  • pure motor hemiplegia
  • pure sensory hemiplegia
  • dysarthria
  • weakness of one hand, especially
    when client writing
21
Q

__________________ is defined as a “Ministroke”, which is a temporary disturbance in cerebral blood flow
which reverses before infarction occurs

A

Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIA)

22
Q

____________________ is caused by a moving blood clot that travels from its origin to the brain

A

Cardiogenic Embolic Stroke

23
Q

Most cerebral emboli originate from
thrombus in ___________?

A

left heart

24
Q

(5) Stroke Manifestations:

A
  1. Motor & Somatosensory
    symptoms: weakness &
    numbness
  2. Language/speech
  3. Vision impairment
  4. Balance & movement
  5. Headache (hemorrhagic
    stroke)
25
Q

If they have weakness then it impacts ________ functions. If they have numbness then it impacts ________ functions

A
  1. Motor
  2. Sensory

Overall ACA or MCA is affected

26
Q

Poor comprehension of others and written materials is ________ area affected.
Articulation of fluid speech is ________ area affected

A
  1. Wernicke’s area
  2. Broca’s area

Overall MCA is affected

27
Q

When vision problems occur with stroke, ___________ area is affected

A

Occipital area

Overall PCA area is affected

28
Q

___________________ refers to the loss of half of a vision on both eyes

A

hemianopia

29
Q

Balance and movement is controlled by ______________?

A

Cerebellum

Mainly PCA is affected

30
Q

Sudden severe headache is a symptom of a _____________ stroke

A

Hemorrhagic

31
Q

___________________ refers to a temporary and painless loss of vision in one eye

A

Amaurosis fugax

32
Q

_________ describes poor muscle control that causes clumsy movements

A

Ataxia

33
Q

Diagnostic tests of Acute Stroke (2):

A
  • CT scan
  • MRI
34
Q

Vascular imaging accomplished
by (4):

A
  • CT angiography (CTA)
  • Magnetic resonance angiography
    (MRA)
  • Catheter based conventional
    arteriography
  • Ultrasonography
35
Q

Goals for Acute Ischemic Stroke (3):

A
  • salvaging brain tissue
  • preventing secondary stroke
  • minimizing long-term disability
36
Q

Reperfusion techniques include (3):

A
  • thrombolytic therapy: tPA
  • catheter-directed mechanical clot/disruption
  • augmentation of CPP (cerebral perfusion pressure)
    during acute stroke
37
Q

Risk of stroke recurrence is highest in _______ week after stroke or TIA

A

First

38
Q

Most common hemorrhagic stroke type is?

A

Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH)

39
Q

Hemorrhage in the brain tissue results in compression of the brain tissues due to (2):

A
  • Expanding hematoma
  • Tissue Edema compression of brain contents
40
Q

Most common Risk Factors for Hemorrhagic Stroke (2):

A
  • Advancing age
  • Hypertension
41
Q

An __________________________ is an abnormal tangle of blood vessels that causes problems with the connections between your arteries and veins

A

Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)

42
Q

The _____________ hypothesis states that any increase in volume of one
constituent must be compensated
by a decrease in volume of another

A

Monro-Kellie

43
Q

Most common hemorrhagic stroke manifestations after rupture (3):

A
  • Sudden and severe headache.
  • Severe bleeding can cause collapse
    and loss of consciousness.
  • Vomiting
44
Q

______________ = Neck stiffness

A

Nuchal rigidity

45
Q

_________________________ is the narrowing of the arteries caused by a persistent contraction of the blood vessels

A

Vasospasm

46
Q

___________ is a drug that blocks calcium channels and acts selectively on cerebral blood vessels to dilate them.

A

Nimodipine

47
Q

Where do brain aneurysms typically form?

A

Bifurcations in blood vessels

48
Q

If the hematoma is large, what complications can occur?

A
  • Rebleed again
  • Vasospasms
  • Increased Intracranial pressure (ICP)
49
Q

_____________________ is on the same side of the body

A

Ipsilateral

Pathology 1 (8 decks)

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