Week 6 Flashcards
________ perfusion is the process of delivery of blood to a capillary bed in the
biological tissue
Tissue
___________ is an abnormal bulging of and arterial wall (“a widening”)
Aneurysm
What (3) major arteries are affected by a stroke?
- Middle cerebral artery (Most common)
- Posterior cerebral artery
- Anterior cerebral artery
_______________ is an abnormally low flow of blood to tissues
Ischemia
An ____________ is a blockage or occlusion that forms when a blood clot or other
foreign particle moves through the circulation
Embolism
What are (2) main types of stroke?
- Ischemic
- Hemorrhagic
What type of stroke occurs when a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain is obstructed?
Ischemic stroke
What type of stroke occurs when a weakened blood vessel ruptures?
Hemorrhagic
(3) Subtypes of Ischemic
stroke?
- Large vessel (thrombotic stroke)
- Small vessel stroke (lacunar infarct)
- Cardiogenic embolic
Ischemic stroke is caused by _____________ or _____________?
- Thrombosis
- Emboli
Ischemic Stroke risk Factors (11):
- Age
- Gender
- Race
- Family history
- Hypertension —-
- Cigarette smoking
- Diabetes mellitus
- Asymptomatic carotid stenosis
- Sickle cell disease —-
- Hyperlipidemia
- Atrial fibrillation —-
(5) main mechanisms of stroke
subtypes:
- Large artery atherosclerotic disease
- Small vessel or penetrating artery
disease - Cardiogenic emboli
- Cryptogenic stroke
- Unusual causes
______________ is a region that is salvageable brain tissue surrounding the core infarct
penumbra
___________ is a region that is irreversibly damaged brain
Ischemic core
_________________________ is the pressure exerted by fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid inside the skull and on the brain tissue
Intracranial pressure
Thrombotic Stroke Affects the cerebral cortex which manifests as (2):
Aphasia and neglect
lacunar infarct is AKA?
Small vessel stroke
_____________________ Result from occlusion of smaller penetrating branches of large cerebral arteries like the middle and posterior cerebral arteries
Small vessel stroke
Healing lacunar infarcts leave behind ____________
Lacunae
Cause lacunar syndromes including (4):
- pure motor hemiplegia
- pure sensory hemiplegia
- dysarthria
- weakness of one hand, especially
when client writing
__________________ is defined as a “Ministroke”, which is a temporary disturbance in cerebral blood flow
which reverses before infarction occurs
Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIA)
____________________ is caused by a moving blood clot that travels from its origin to the brain
Cardiogenic Embolic Stroke
Most cerebral emboli originate from
thrombus in ___________?
left heart
(5) Stroke Manifestations:
- Motor & Somatosensory
symptoms: weakness &
numbness - Language/speech
- Vision impairment
- Balance & movement
- Headache (hemorrhagic
stroke)
If they have weakness then it impacts ________ functions. If they have numbness then it impacts ________ functions
- Motor
- Sensory
Overall ACA or MCA is affected
Poor comprehension of others and written materials is ________ area affected.
Articulation of fluid speech is ________ area affected
- Wernicke’s area
- Broca’s area
Overall MCA is affected
When vision problems occur with stroke, ___________ area is affected
Occipital area
Overall PCA area is affected
___________________ refers to the loss of half of a vision on both eyes
hemianopia
Balance and movement is controlled by ______________?
Cerebellum
Mainly PCA is affected
Sudden severe headache is a symptom of a _____________ stroke
Hemorrhagic
___________________ refers to a temporary and painless loss of vision in one eye
Amaurosis fugax
_________ describes poor muscle control that causes clumsy movements
Ataxia
Diagnostic tests of Acute Stroke (2):
- CT scan
- MRI
Vascular imaging accomplished
by (4):
- CT angiography (CTA)
- Magnetic resonance angiography
(MRA) - Catheter based conventional
arteriography - Ultrasonography
Goals for Acute Ischemic Stroke (3):
- salvaging brain tissue
- preventing secondary stroke
- minimizing long-term disability
Reperfusion techniques include (3):
- thrombolytic therapy: tPA
- catheter-directed mechanical clot/disruption
- augmentation of CPP (cerebral perfusion pressure)
during acute stroke
Risk of stroke recurrence is highest in _______ week after stroke or TIA
First
Most common hemorrhagic stroke type is?
Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH)
Hemorrhage in the brain tissue results in compression of the brain tissues due to (2):
- Expanding hematoma
- Tissue Edema compression of brain contents
Most common Risk Factors for Hemorrhagic Stroke (2):
- Advancing age
- Hypertension
An __________________________ is an abnormal tangle of blood vessels that causes problems with the connections between your arteries and veins
Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
The _____________ hypothesis states that any increase in volume of one
constituent must be compensated
by a decrease in volume of another
Monro-Kellie
Most common hemorrhagic stroke manifestations after rupture (3):
- Sudden and severe headache.
- Severe bleeding can cause collapse
and loss of consciousness. - Vomiting
______________ = Neck stiffness
Nuchal rigidity
_________________________ is the narrowing of the arteries caused by a persistent contraction of the blood vessels
Vasospasm
___________ is a drug that blocks calcium channels and acts selectively on cerebral blood vessels to dilate them.
Nimodipine
Where do brain aneurysms typically form?
Bifurcations in blood vessels
If the hematoma is large, what complications can occur?
- Rebleed again
- Vasospasms
- Increased Intracranial pressure (ICP)
_____________________ is on the same side of the body
Ipsilateral
