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Pathology 1 > Week 12 - Osteomyelitis/osteoporosis > Flashcards

Week 12 - Osteomyelitis/osteoporosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is osteomyelitis?

A

Osteomyelitis is an infection in the bone.

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2
Q

How can infection reach the bone?

A

Infection can reach the bone through indirect blood (hematogenous) or direct trauma/surgery (exogenous).

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3
Q

What are some predisposing factors for osteomyelitis? (3)

A

include vascular insufficiency, IV drug use, and immunodeficiency /immunosuppression.

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4
Q

What is the most common pathogen that causes osteomyelitis?

A

Staphylococcus aureus (Staph aureus)

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5
Q

How does the organism reach the bone in hematogenous osteomyelitis?

A

The organism reaches the bone through the bloodstream and attaches to the tissue.

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6
Q

What does bacterial growth in the bone lead to?

A

Bacterial growth causes bone destruction, abscess formation, and purulent exudate.

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7
Q

Is swelling significant in hematogenous osteomyelitis?

A

No, there is minimal swelling

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8
Q

What happens when exudate builds up beneath the periosteum?

A

It shears blood vessels, leading to necrosis (tissue death).

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9
Q

What are sequestra in osteomyelitis?

A

Sequestra are fragments of bone that have lost their blood supply (devascularized).

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10
Q

How do infectious organisms reach the bone in hematogenous osteomyelitis?

A

They reach the metaphysis through a nutrient blood vessel.

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11
Q

What does bacterial growth in the bone cause?

A

It causes bone destruction, abscess formation, and the spread of infection into the medullary cavity and compact bone.

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12
Q

How does the infection spread to the outside of the bone?

A

The infection spreads through the cortex to the outside of the bone.

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13
Q

What happens when purulent exudate collects beneath the periosteum?

A

It leads to necrosis of the cortical bone and the formation of devascularized bone fragments, called sequestra.

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14
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of bacteremia associated with bone lesions?

A

Pain, fever, loss of movement, tenderness, erythema (redness over the affected bone), and swelling.

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15
Q

What symptom indicates redness over the affected bone in osteomyelitis?

A

Erythema

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16
Q

What are common inflammatory symptoms in osteomyelitis?

A

Tenderness, swelling, and fever.

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17
Q

What imaging techniques can be used to diagnose osteomyelitis?

A

X-rays, bone scans, and MRIs can be used.

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18
Q

What might X-rays show in osteomyelitis?

A

They may show periosteal elevation.

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19
Q

What lab tests are used to diagnose osteomyelitis?

A

Blood cultures and bone aspiration culture are used.

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20
Q

What antimicrobial therapy is used in osteomyelitis treatment?

A

Antimicrobials are used to treat the infection.

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21
Q

How is pain managed in osteomyelitis?

A

Analgesia is used for pain management.

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22
Q

What surgical treatments are used for osteomyelitis?

A

Debridement and surgical drainage are common treatments

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23
Q

How does chronic osteomyelitis typically occur?

A

It generally occurs secondary to an open wound.

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24
Q

What can cause chronic osteomyelitis to develop?

A

Delayed or inadequate treatment of hematogenous osteomyelitis can lead to chronic osteomyelitis.

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25
Q

What is the hallmark feature of chronic osteomyelitis?

A

The presence of a sequestrum, which is dead bone separated from living bone.

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26
Q

What structure forms around the dead bone in chronic osteomyelitis?

A

An involucrum forms around the dead bone.

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27
Q

What imaging techniques are used to diagnose chronic osteomyelitis?

A

X-rays and bone scans are used.

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28
Q

What diagnostic tool is used to assess sinus tracts in chronic osteomyelitis?

A

Sinograms are used.

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29
Q

What lab test is performed for chronic osteomyelitis?

A

Wound culture and sensitivity testing are performed.

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30
Q

What medications are used to treat chronic osteomyelitis?

A

Antimicrobials and long-term antibiotics (ABX) are used.

31
Q

What surgical treatment is performed in chronic osteomyelitis?

A

Surgery is done to remove sequestra.

32
Q

What physical measure is used in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis?

A

Immobilization is used.

33
Q

How is bacteria introduced to the bone in direct osteomyelitis?

A

Bacteria are introduced directly into the bone through a penetrating wound or fracture (#).

34
Q

What does local inflammation and trauma do to the bone in direct osteomyelitis?

A

It may devitalize the bone.

35
Q

What does devitalized bone create in direct osteomyelitis?

A

It creates an inert matrix for organisms to proliferate.

36
Q

What is a common systemic symptom of osteomyelitis?

A

Recurrent fever.

37
Q

What happens at the trauma or operative site in osteomyelitis?

A

There is increased pain.

38
Q

What issue with healing can indicate osteomyelitis?

A

Poor incisional healing.

39
Q

What symptom involves fluid release from the wound in osteomyelitis?

A

Wound drainage.

40
Q

What wound-related symptom may occur in osteomyelitis?

A

Wound separation

41
Q

What is the primary medical treatment for osteomyelitis?

A

Antibiotics.

42
Q

What happens if osteomyelitis does not respond to antibiotics?

A

Surgical management may be required.

43
Q

What is the purpose of surgical decompression in osteomyelitis treatment?

A

To release intramedullary pressure and remove drainage.

44
Q

What is the role of osteoblasts?

A

Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells that create new bone during remodeling.

45
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

Osteoclasts are bone-destroying cells that break down calcium and phosphorus in a process called resorption.

46
Q

What is the function of osteocytes?

A

Osteocytes maintain bone as a living tissue.

47
Q

What is osteopenia?

A

Osteopenia is a condition characterized by decreased bone density.

48
Q

What is a is a chronic, progressive metabolic disease characterized by decreased bone mass and porous bone?

A

Osteoporosis

49
Q

What does osteoporosis increase the risk of?

A

Osteoporosis increases the risk of fractures.

50
Q

What causes the imbalance in osteoporosis?

A

There is an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation.

51
Q

Who is most commonly affected by osteoporosis?

A

Osteoporosis is most common in elderly women, particularly due to estrogen deficiency

52
Q

What is senile osteoporosis?

A

Senile osteoporosis refers to osteoporosis that occurs in the elderly

53
Q

What conditions can predispose a person to osteoporosis? (5)

A

Conditions like elevated cortisol (Cushing’s), chronic diseases, kidney failure (affecting Vitamin D and calcium), prolonged immobilization, and poor diet can increase the risk.

54
Q

What changes occur in the diaphysis and metaphysis of bones in osteoporosis?

A

There are changes such as loss of trabeculae.

55
Q

What happens to trabeculae in osteoporosis?

A

Trabeculae become thinned.

56
Q

What causes microfractures and vertebral collapse in osteoporosis?

A

Thinning of trabeculae leads to microfractures and vertebral collapse.

57
Q

What happens in postmenopausal osteoporosis?

A

Increased osteoclast activity occurs in bones with large surface areas.

58
Q

What changes occur in senile osteoporosis?

A

The osteoporotic complex is thinned by resorption, and the Haversian systems enlarge.

59
Q

What is the result of the changes in bone structure in osteoporosis?

A

The changes lead to an increased risk of fractures.

60
Q

What happens to trabeculae in osteoporosis?

A

There is a loss of trabeculae from cancellous bone.

61
Q

What happens to the cortex in osteoporosis?

A

The cortex becomes thinned.

62
Q

What is the result of the loss of trabeculae and thinning of the cortex in osteoporosis?

A

These changes lead to an increased risk of fractures.

63
Q

What can compression of vertebrae lead to in osteoporosis?

A

Compression of vertebrae can lead to fractures

64
Q

When are most people unaware of osteoporosis?

A

Most people are unaware until a fracture occurs or a bone scan is done

65
Q

What physical change may develop in middle age due to osteoporosis?

A

The development of kyphosis, also known as a “dowager’s hump.”

66
Q

What are common symptoms related to osteoporosis?

A

A decrease in height and back pain.

67
Q

What is a common method used to diagnose osteoporosis?

A

BMD (Bone Mineral Density) assessment.

68
Q

What is the technique used to measure BMD?

A

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA).

69
Q

What factors are considered in determining Bone Mass Density (BMD)?

A

genetic factors, sex, hormone levels, exercise, calcium intake, and age-related changes

70
Q

What is the purpose of screening for osteoporosis?

A

To assess bone mass density and identify osteoporosis early.

71
Q

What is an important aspect of osteoporosis treatment?

A

Prevention is key in osteoporosis treatment.

72
Q

What are some dietary recommendations for treating osteoporosis?

A

Vitamin D and calcium intake are important.

73
Q

What type of exercises are recommended for osteoporosis treatment?

A

Weight-bearing exercises are recommended.

74
Q

What medications are commonly used in osteoporosis treatment?

A

Bi-phosphonates, selective estrogen receptor modulators, calcitonin, and recombinant PTH.

Pathology 1 (14 decks)

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