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BIOL 225 > Week 7 - Land Plants > Flashcards

Week 7 - Land Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Define the term «Land plant»

A

Any photoautotrophic eukaryote that is able to both survive and reproduce on land

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2
Q

What is a synonym for land plants?

A

Embryophytes

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3
Q

What are non-vascular plants called? Give an example

A

Bryophytes

Liverworts, mosses, hornworts

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4
Q

What three traits are shared between the plant kingdom and charophytes?

A
  1. Cellulose synthesizing protein rings in the plasma membrane
  2. Phragmoplast. Cell plate divides daughter cells
  3. Sporopollenin. Protects gamophytes. Pollen covered by sporopollenin. It protects the zygote in charophytes
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5
Q

What are the four common traits to all plants?

A
  1. Alternation of generations
  2. Walled spores
  3. Multicellular gametangia
  4. Apical meristem
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6
Q

What does the male gametophyte of moss produce?

A

Antheridia

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7
Q

What structure does the female gametophyte produce in mosses?

A

Archegonium

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8
Q

Do mosses need water for reproduction? Why/why not?

A

YES

The sperm is flagillated. Can’t swim over to the egg without water

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9
Q

What is the diploid generation of mosses?

A

Sporophyte

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10
Q

What is the dominant generation in bryophytes?

A

Gametophyte

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11
Q

Describe the form and function of the cuticle

A

Cuticle builds on cell wall.

Made of waxes. It’s hydrophobic. It makes water stay in

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12
Q

How do you measure the hydrophobicity of the cuticle?

A

Measured by the angle of a water droplet on the leaf surface.

More obtuse, the more hydrophobic

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13
Q

What is mycorrhizae?

A

Mutualism between fungi and plants (plant roots)

Increases uptake of water and nutrients

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14
Q

What di mycorrhiza roots look like?

A

Colourful, swollen

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15
Q

What are the functions of the secondary metabolites?

A
  1. PROTECTION. Antioxydants protect the plant from UV rays of the sun
  2. CHEMICAL DEFENCE. Leaves and stems are full of chemical that makes it taste bad
  3. ATTRACTANTS. Used as aids for sexual reproduction. (ex: flavourings, pigments, colours)
  4. STRUCTURAL SUPPORT. Lignin provides support to the secondary cell wall of cells. Makes it withstand gravity
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16
Q

What vascular tissue is strengthened by lignin?

A

Xylem

17
Q

What do gymnosperms and angiosperms use to help them reproduce, since they can do it without the use of water?

A
  1. WIND-mediated pollination. By chance, wind brings pollen to the flower of another plant.
  2. ANIMALS-mediated pollination. Animals are attracted to flowers
18
Q

Do seed plants have flagellated sperm: why or why not?

A

NO. Don’t need water to reproduce.

19
Q

What caused the oxygen revolution?

A

Oxygen dissolved in the oceans. Once the water could not hold any more, it began to gas out into the atmosphere

20
Q

When was the oxygen revolution?

A

~2.5 bya

21
Q

What caused the second boom in oxygen?

A

The emergence of land plants

22
Q

How long ago did land plants emerge?

A

470 mya

23
Q

How did coal form?

A

Old lycophytes trees died and fell to the ground. Did not decompose because of lack of oxygen. Pressure, heat and time turned them into coal

24
Q

What are the 4 angiosperm phyla?

A
  1. Cycads
  2. Gingko
  3. Conifers
  4. Gnetophytes
25
Q

What type of wood are gymnosperms

A

Softwood

26
Q

What type of wood are angiosperms

A

hardwood

27
Q

What dictates paper quality?

A

The density of xylem fibers (more lignin)

28
Q

What is tannin?

A

Secondary metabolite that binds to proteins.

Used to tan leather- prevent decay

29
Q

What is resin? What is made from it?

A

Secondary plant metabolite produced after injury.

Used to make rosin, turpentine and pitch (to waterproof ships)

30
Q

What are the benefits of bioengineering pollen to deliver drugs?

A

Super tough, can withstand acid

Can attach to the stomach lining and could slowly leech out the medecine through the pores on the surface of the pollen

BIOL 225 (17 decks)

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