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BIOL 225 > Week 1 - Concepts and Mechanisms of Animal Form and Function > Flashcards

Week 1 - Concepts and Mechanisms of Animal Form and Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is the drag equation?

A

D = 1/2 A p v^2 Cd

A: area
p: density of fluid
v: velocity of object relative to fluid
Cd: drag coefficient (constant)

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2
Q

How do flying fish work?

A

Emerge out of water, air is less dense so there is less drag. Gravity pulls them back into water- so the fish fan out their fins to increase vertical drag to counter gravity

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3
Q

Is bigger always better for cell sizes?

A

No. Surface area to volume ratio is fucked up

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4
Q

Why are amoeba weirdly shaped?

A

Amoebas are in direct contact with external environment. They’re shaped weird to increase surface area

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5
Q

What are the four types of tissues?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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6
Q

What are the three epithelial cell shapes?

A

Cuboidal, columnar, squamous

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7
Q

What are the three layers of epithelial cell?

A

Simple, stratified, pseudostratified

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8
Q

Simple columnar epithelial

A

DIGESTION. produce enzymes. Big because of big endoplastic reticulum needed to make so many enzymes

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9
Q

Simple squamous epithelial

A

RESPIRATION. gas exchange is urgent- so this epithelial is very thin. Flat, thin, moist.

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10
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

MOUTH. abrasion is an issue. LOTS OF LAYERS BC OF THIS. they need to be replaced constantly

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11
Q

What are the six major types of connective tissue?

A

1 Loose
2 Fibrous
3 Bone
4 Blood
5 Adipose
6 Cartilage

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12
Q

Connective tissue definition?

A

Sparsely packed cells and fibres suspended in a matrix.

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13
Q

What kind of tissue is the dermis?

A

Loose connective

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14
Q

Composition and function of fibrous connective tissue?

A

Lots and lots of collagen. Anchors muscles and bones.

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15
Q

Name two examples of fibrous/dense connective tissue

A

Tendons (anchors muscles) and ligaments (connects bones at joints)

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16
Q

Composition and function of adipose tissue?

A

Lots of fat. Adipocytes store this fat.

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17
Q

What goes on in bones?

A

Osteoblasts cells create collagen fibers, which are hardened by calcium, magnesium and phosphorus.

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18
Q

Composition and function of cartilage tissue?

A

Chondrocytes in a rubbery matrix. Cushions bones. Gives ears and nose flexibility. NO BLOOD VESSELS

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19
Q

Composition and function of loose connective tissue?

A

Fat cells, mast cells, macrophages, collagen fibers, reticular fibers, elastic fibers. HOLD UP EPIDERMIS

20
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue

A

1 Skeletal
2 Smooth
3 Cardiac

21
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

Long, threadlike. VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT

22
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A

Short, tapered ends. INVOLUNTARY BODY ACTIVITIES

23
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

short, branched. HEART CONTRACTIONS.

24
Q

What is homeostatic control?

A

Process of maintaining stability of the internal condition

25
Q

What is negative feedback? Give two examples?

A

Goes back against. Ex: glucose, thermoregulation

26
Q

What is positive feedback? Give two examples?

A

Keeps going until done. Amplification stimulus. Ex: childbirth, fever

27
Q

What is conduction?

A

Basic heat transfer across stationary medium

28
Q

What is convection?

A

Heat transfer by movement of a fluid

29
Q

Free vs forced convection?

A

Forced convection requires external force (ex: wind), free doesnt

30
Q

Heat

A

transfer of kinetic energy from one particle to another

31
Q

Radiation (physics)

A

Electromagnetic waves

32
Q

Homeotherm

A

Narrow range of tolerated temperature

33
Q

Poikilotherms

A

Wide range of tolerated temperature

34
Q

Endotherms

A

Internal source of heat

35
Q

Ectotherms

A

External source of heat

36
Q

BMR?

A

Basal metabolic rate. #of litres of o2 consumed per hour when the animal is at rest

37
Q

How to calculate BMR

A

body mass^(3/4)

38
Q

Who has bigger BMR: small or big animal?

A

SMALL ALL THE WAY. high surface area to volume ratio. lots of heat loss

39
Q

What is a spacial heterotherm?

A

Maintains different temperature throughout the body

40
Q

What is a relaxed endotherm?

A

Lower body temps during periods of low metabolic rate (torpor/hibernation)

41
Q

What is countercurrent exchange?

A

Transfer of heat between fluids moving in opposite directions

42
Q

What is thermogenesis?

A

Produce heat by moving/shivering muscles

43
Q

What is non-shivering thermogenesis

A

Brown adipose tissue produces protein (thermogenin) that maies mitochondria produce heat rather than ATP

44
Q

What is torpor?

A

State of decreased activity to save energy or avoid dangerous conditions

45
Q

What is hibernation?

A

Long-term torpor. Active every two weeks or so

BIOL 225 (17 decks)

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