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BIOL 225 > Week 2 - Animal Nutrition > Flashcards

Week 2 - Animal Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What are essential nutrients?

A

Things animals need to ingest because the body can’t synthesize them.

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2
Q

How many essential amino acids are there?

A

9 out of the 20

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3
Q

How many essential fatty acids are there? Name them.

A
  1. Omega 3
  2. Omega 6

they make up the phospholipid bilayer

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4
Q

How do we get essential vitamins?

A

by eating PLANTS

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5
Q

Which vitamin is not synthesized by plants?

A

B12

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6
Q

What do essential minerals come from?

A

Weathering of rocks, absorbed by plants. We then eat plants

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7
Q

What will you crave if you have an iron deficiency ?

A

Ice cubes, metal, etc

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8
Q

Which animal phyla does not have a digestive system?

A

Porifera

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9
Q

How do sponges digest?

A

INTRACELLULARLY. Flagella beat water in through pores, food particles get engulfed by phagocytosis. OR move and get engulfed by amoebocytes.

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10
Q

In one-way digestive systems, what is the function of the gastrovascular cavity?

A

Ingestion, digestion, absorption and elimination.

HYDRA: Enzymes are released from the sides and break down food particles which are then engulfed by food vacuoles.

in FLATWORMS: gastrovascular cavity is also the circulatory system.

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11
Q

What is the diff between one-way and two-way digestion systems?

A

One way is one hole and not specialized, two way is two holes with specialized sections

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12
Q

Which two phylas have gizzards?

A

Annelids (earthworms) and chordata (birds)

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13
Q

What are gizzards?

A

Grind + pulverize food by mashing them with small stones (which are in the gizzard)

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14
Q

What’s so special about turkey gizzards?

A

They store hard nuts in there. Then the nuts break open after a while and they can digest the inside

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15
Q

Why don’t small birds store seeds in their gizzards?

A

It would be too heavy to fly well. They eat fruit to digest faster

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16
Q

What does the tongue do?

A

Forms bolus, helps to swallow. VERY MUSCULAR AND SENSITIVE

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17
Q

What do salivary glands do?

A

Secrete substances for chem. digestion in mouth

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18
Q

What is saliva made out of? What does it do?

A

Water, salts, glycoproteins. Contains amylase. Lubricate foods + protect lining

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19
Q

What does the epiglottis do?

A

Covers the trachea so that we dont choke

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20
Q

What type of muscle is responsible for peristalsis?

A

Smooth

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21
Q

How many layers is the stomach? Why?

A

Three layers of smooth muscle IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS (the grain kinda) to optimize churning

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22
Q

What acid is in the stomach?

A

Hydrochloric acid

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23
Q

What accessory glands are in the stomach?

A

Gastric glands. They shoot out enzymes. Mucous cells shoot out mucous to protect lining from the acid.

24
Q

What do parietal cells do?

A

Source of hydrogen and chloride ions that will then form hydrochloric acid

25
Q

What do chief cells do?

A

Secrete pepsinogen. Drop in PH of stomach turns pepsinogen into pepsin (which digests proteins.) Pepsin can accelerate the pepsinogen to turn into pepsin. POSITIVE FEEDBACK

26
Q

What is the bolus called after it leaves the stomach?

A

Chyme

27
Q

What are the accessory organs attached to the duodenum?

A

Liver, gallbladder, pancreas

28
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

29
Q

What neutralizes the chyme?

A

Bicarbonate secreted by the pancreas

30
Q

What are the little fingers of the small intestine called?

A

Villi and microvilli

31
Q

What types of cells form the villi

A

Columnar epithelial cells

32
Q

What does bile do

A

Breaks up fat

33
Q

What does pancreatic amylase do?

A

breaks down polysaccharides into disaccharides

34
Q

What does the pancreas secrete?

A

Bicarbonate, trypsin, chemotrypsin, pancreatic amylase

35
Q

What do the disaccharidases do? What secretes them?

A

They break up disaccharides into monosaccharides. Epithelial cells secrete them.

36
Q

Give three examples of disacharidases

A

Maltase. lactase, sucrase

37
Q

What is the breaking up of fat droplets into smaller fat droplets called?

A

Emulsification

38
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: long chained fatty acids are hydrophobic

A

TRUE

39
Q

What do chylomicrons do?

A

Transport lipids by conceling their hydrophobicity. TOO BIG TO FIT IN BLOOD CAPILLARIES

40
Q

Where do chylomicrons enter the circulatory system

A

Lacteal vessel bc it has large bits that it can enter, then enter the subclavanian veins to ender the circ system

41
Q

What does the appendix do?

A

Immune function

42
Q

What does the cecum do

A

Pouch between appendix and bit where small intestine dumps into large intestine. HOLDS LOTS OF BACTERIA to digest fibrous plant material

43
Q

Do carnivors have a big or small cecum?

A

VERY VERY small

44
Q

What are the different parts of the colon?

A

ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoidal

45
Q

Function of the colon?

A

Reabsorb water,

in herbivors: digestion of plant matter

46
Q

What are substrate feeders? Give an example

A

They live in/on their food

Caterpillars

47
Q

What are fluid feeders? Give an example

A

Suck nutrients (fluid) from host. Not necessarily harmful

Hummingbird

48
Q

What are bulk feeders? Give an example

A

They eat relatively large pieces of food

Snakes

49
Q

What are suspension feeders? Give an example

A

Eat small organisms/ food particles suspended in water

Oyster

50
Q

What are filter feeders? Give an example

A

Filter water to get food

Baleen whale

51
Q

What adaptation of the mouth contribute to mammal’s success?

A

Dental adaptations

52
Q

Describe type 1 diabetes

A

Insulin-dependant diabetes. Immune system destroys beta cells of pancreas.

10% of diabetics

You usually find out in childhood

53
Q

Describe type 2 diabetes

A

Non insulin-dependent diabetes

Cells don’t respond to insulin in a normal way.

Excess body weight, lack of exercise.

90% of cases

54
Q

What is overnourishment?

A

Overconsumption of calories for normal nutrition

55
Q

What is leptin?

A

Hormone that suppresses appetite

56
Q

Name the hormone that suppresses appetite

A

Leptin

BIOL 225 (17 decks)

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