Week 2 - Animal Nutrition Flashcards
What are essential nutrients?
Things animals need to ingest because the body can’t synthesize them.
How many essential amino acids are there?
9 out of the 20
How many essential fatty acids are there? Name them.
- Omega 3
- Omega 6
they make up the phospholipid bilayer
How do we get essential vitamins?
by eating PLANTS
Which vitamin is not synthesized by plants?
B12
What do essential minerals come from?
Weathering of rocks, absorbed by plants. We then eat plants
What will you crave if you have an iron deficiency ?
Ice cubes, metal, etc
Which animal phyla does not have a digestive system?
Porifera
How do sponges digest?
INTRACELLULARLY. Flagella beat water in through pores, food particles get engulfed by phagocytosis. OR move and get engulfed by amoebocytes.
In one-way digestive systems, what is the function of the gastrovascular cavity?
Ingestion, digestion, absorption and elimination.
HYDRA: Enzymes are released from the sides and break down food particles which are then engulfed by food vacuoles.
in FLATWORMS: gastrovascular cavity is also the circulatory system.
What is the diff between one-way and two-way digestion systems?
One way is one hole and not specialized, two way is two holes with specialized sections
Which two phylas have gizzards?
Annelids (earthworms) and chordata (birds)
What are gizzards?
Grind + pulverize food by mashing them with small stones (which are in the gizzard)
What’s so special about turkey gizzards?
They store hard nuts in there. Then the nuts break open after a while and they can digest the inside
Why don’t small birds store seeds in their gizzards?
It would be too heavy to fly well. They eat fruit to digest faster
What does the tongue do?
Forms bolus, helps to swallow. VERY MUSCULAR AND SENSITIVE
What do salivary glands do?
Secrete substances for chem. digestion in mouth
What is saliva made out of? What does it do?
Water, salts, glycoproteins. Contains amylase. Lubricate foods + protect lining
What does the epiglottis do?
Covers the trachea so that we dont choke
What type of muscle is responsible for peristalsis?
Smooth
How many layers is the stomach? Why?
Three layers of smooth muscle IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS (the grain kinda) to optimize churning
What acid is in the stomach?
Hydrochloric acid
What accessory glands are in the stomach?
Gastric glands. They shoot out enzymes. Mucous cells shoot out mucous to protect lining from the acid.
What do parietal cells do?
Source of hydrogen and chloride ions that will then form hydrochloric acid
What do chief cells do?
Secrete pepsinogen. Drop in PH of stomach turns pepsinogen into pepsin (which digests proteins.) Pepsin can accelerate the pepsinogen to turn into pepsin. POSITIVE FEEDBACK
What is the bolus called after it leaves the stomach?
Chyme
What are the accessory organs attached to the duodenum?
Liver, gallbladder, pancreas
What are the three parts of the small intestine?
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
What neutralizes the chyme?
Bicarbonate secreted by the pancreas
What are the little fingers of the small intestine called?
Villi and microvilli
What types of cells form the villi
Columnar epithelial cells
What does bile do
Breaks up fat
What does pancreatic amylase do?
breaks down polysaccharides into disaccharides
What does the pancreas secrete?
Bicarbonate, trypsin, chemotrypsin, pancreatic amylase
What do the disaccharidases do? What secretes them?
They break up disaccharides into monosaccharides. Epithelial cells secrete them.
Give three examples of disacharidases
Maltase. lactase, sucrase
What is the breaking up of fat droplets into smaller fat droplets called?
Emulsification
TRUE OR FALSE: long chained fatty acids are hydrophobic
TRUE
What do chylomicrons do?
Transport lipids by conceling their hydrophobicity. TOO BIG TO FIT IN BLOOD CAPILLARIES
Where do chylomicrons enter the circulatory system
Lacteal vessel bc it has large bits that it can enter, then enter the subclavanian veins to ender the circ system
What does the appendix do?
Immune function
What does the cecum do
Pouch between appendix and bit where small intestine dumps into large intestine. HOLDS LOTS OF BACTERIA to digest fibrous plant material
Do carnivors have a big or small cecum?
VERY VERY small
What are the different parts of the colon?
ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoidal
Function of the colon?
Reabsorb water,
in herbivors: digestion of plant matter
What are substrate feeders? Give an example
They live in/on their food
Caterpillars
What are fluid feeders? Give an example
Suck nutrients (fluid) from host. Not necessarily harmful
Hummingbird
What are bulk feeders? Give an example
They eat relatively large pieces of food
Snakes
What are suspension feeders? Give an example
Eat small organisms/ food particles suspended in water
Oyster
What are filter feeders? Give an example
Filter water to get food
Baleen whale
What adaptation of the mouth contribute to mammal’s success?
Dental adaptations
Describe type 1 diabetes
Insulin-dependant diabetes. Immune system destroys beta cells of pancreas.
10% of diabetics
You usually find out in childhood
Describe type 2 diabetes
Non insulin-dependent diabetes
Cells don’t respond to insulin in a normal way.
Excess body weight, lack of exercise.
90% of cases
What is overnourishment?
Overconsumption of calories for normal nutrition
What is leptin?
Hormone that suppresses appetite
Name the hormone that suppresses appetite
Leptin
