Week 10 - Flowers and Pollinators Flashcards
Explain the simple pistil
GARDEN PEA- single unfused carpel
RASPBERRY - multiple unfused carpels
Explain compound pistils
Fused carpels. Stigma and style may or may not be fused
ALL CITRUS
What are incomplete flowers?
Had missing parts
How can you tell if it’s multiple unfused carpels of one fused carpel by the fruit?
You have to cut an orange to see the diff parts but you can tell with a raspberry
What is nectar?
Sugar liquid in glands ate tje base of flower
What is the function of flowers?
Facilitate sexual reproduction
What id the calyx?
Fused sepal. MORE ovary protection and increases pollinator attraction
What are nectar guides?
Signal nectar glands?
What is a nectar spur?
Long, narrow tube that protects nectar from random animals that dont pollinate. You need a long mouth
What is inflorescence
Tight clustering of a bunch of tiny and seperate flowers
each tiny flower is cslled a disk floret
ex: sunflower
What are ray florets
They look like petals but around inflorescence
What is the huge plant family?
Composite/asteraceae family
What macronutrient is needed for the production of pollen?
Nitrogen
How many pollen sacks does an anther have
4
What is sporopollenin?
Durable polimer that makes the pollen grain indestructible
Describe double fertilization
Will mitate to have two sperm cells
- will fert egg to make a zygote
- will fuse with polar nuclei to make a 3n
What are the twi important scars of a seed?
- from funiculus
- from microphyle
Describe beetle pollinated plants
Large, WHITE, no nectar
What were the first pollinators?
beetles
What is a pollination syndrome?
A pollinator specific trait
Describe fly pollinated plants
Visit very often
Bee flies have long straws
Hover flies eat pollen
Many fly pollinated flowers smell like dead animals
Describe butterfly pollinated plants
Coiled tube fills up with hemolymph to uncoil.
Need low viscosity nectar (less than 10%)
LARGE INFLORESCENCE
Describe bee pollinated plants
Most highly evolved pollinators
Flowers are typically blue purple or yellow
Bees eat nectar and pollen
What are the benefits of being pollinated by bees?
- Endotherms. Bees will keep pollinating even if it’s cold
- Bees travel far between flowers. Pollen travels far
Describe bird pollinated plants
Red flowers with long stamens
ex: hummingbird feeders
Describe bat pollinated plants
Fragrent, dull in colour.
Thick tissues, sturdy branches
Describe wind pollinated plants
small, scentless flowers.
Flowers must overproduce pollen since it’s up to chance
Do orchids make a lot of very little pollen?
VERY LITTLE (1-20 per ovule)
What is the first part of the eudicot seed to emerge out
The radical
What does the terminal cell develop into?
The prodmbryo
What does the basal cell develop into?
suspensor cells
What are the embryonic leaves called?
Cotyledon
What is needed to boot off germination?
Water
How many cotyledons do eudicots have?
2
What is the hypocotyl?
Region of embryonic plant that leads down to the radicle
What is the cotyledon of monocots called?
Scutellum
What protectd the radicle?
Coleorhiza
What protects the stem?
Coleoptile
Define sacrification
Raking forest floor so that small seeds can sprout
Why are trees cut down in the winter in quebec? what is this strategy called?
Snow protects soil from the logging equipment
CPRS-S
Define fruits
Mature ovaries thst protect seeds and help in their dispersal
What are the three types of fruits
Simple
a) fleshy
b) dry
Aggregate
Multiple
Define simple fleshy fruits
Originate from a single flower from a dingle carpel or compound pistel
BERRIES come from compound pistils
grapes, berries
modified berries: squashes, watermelon, citrus
DRUPE hard pit
cherry, avocados, peaches
POME
apple
*seperation of the sepal from the pedicel
Describe dry dehiscent fruits
ex of dry: milkweed, gardenpea, star anise
Ovary wall tears open along pre determined line
Describe indehiscent dry fruits
Ovary wall does not tear. Ovary with seed disperse as one unit
Achenes = dry fruit of dandelions (little white stuff)
Describe aggregate fruits
Originate from a single flower with multiple unfused carpels
ex: raspberry, strawberry
tiny fruit of raspberry is a fruit
Describe a multiple fruit
Derived from an inflorescence
Black mullberry is actually a bunch of tiny fruits all stuck together. Unlike a raspberry, each droop is from a seperate flower
Give three exmapled of wind dispersed indehiscent fruit
maple seeds, birch seeds, ash seeds
How di gymnosperms disperse?
By wind. Humidity flips cone scales and carries away the seeds that are underneath
What is the elaiosome?
Nutrient rich pod of ant-mediated seeds
What is cacheing?
Stashing fruit with large lipid seeds. When they lose them or they die, seed sprouts
Explain root suckering. Name an example of a tree that does this
New stems are sprouted from underground root network
Aspen
Explain apomixis
Diploid cell in ovule develops into embryo with no pollen.
Asexual reproduction
