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BIOL 225 > Week 4 - Immune System > Flashcards

Week 4 - Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the immune system?

A

Target and destroy pathogens

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2
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Microbes + viruses that cause disease

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3
Q

What is a non-pathogenic microbe called

A

Commensal microbes

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4
Q

What is the microbiota

A

Non-pathogenic microbes of the body

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5
Q

What is innate immunity? Name an example

A

Defense in ALL animals

ex: Barrier defences, NK cells

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6
Q

What is the chitin exoskeleton?

A

Innate immunity of invertebrate. Protects against intruding microorganisms

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7
Q

What are hemocytes?

A

Phagocytic cells that recognize pathogens on their cell surface.

Then hemocyte fuses with a vacuole that has enzymes in it. Then it’s exported out by exocytosis

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8
Q

What is an antimicrobial peptide?

A

Released by some hemocytes. Can poke through plasma membrane of pathogens and cause them to lyse.

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9
Q

What is lyse?

A

Contents of the cell spill out

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10
Q

Name the two main innate defences of invertebrates

A

Chitin exoskeleton, hemocytes

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11
Q

What do lymph vessels do?

A

Link body tissues with organs associated to immune system.

MAMMALS

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12
Q

How do lymphatic vessels work?

A

Blunt ends pick up the interstitial fluid AND pathogens. One-way valves move everything unidirectionally. Lymph nodes clear the fluid of pathogens and then it drains back into the circulatory system

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13
Q

Where does the fluid from the top right quarter of the body go

A

Right subclavanian vein

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14
Q

Where does the fluid from the top left and bottom half of the body go

A

Left subclavanian vein

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15
Q

Name primary tissues of the immune systems. Why are they primary?

A

Bone marrow, thymus.

This is where cells of the immune system develop and mature

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16
Q

Name secondary tissues of the immune system

A

Adenoid gland, tonsils, spleen, appendix, large intestine, peyer’s patch

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17
Q

Name barrier defences of vertebrates

A

Skin, mucus membranes of different tracts, secretions from glands

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18
Q

What is the mucus elevator?

A

In respiratory tract, beating cillia of cells move up pathogens up to the pharynx to be swallowed. This prevents pathogens from reaching the alveoli

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19
Q

What are TLR (toll-like receptors)?

A

Recognize the proteins, lipids, etc that are on the cell surface of pathogenetic microbes

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20
Q

What happens after TLR recognizes a pathogen?

A

They are phagocytized and destroyed

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21
Q

What does toll mean? (TLR)

A

Amazing

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22
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

White blood cells

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23
Q

Which cells are leukocytes derived from?

A

Stem cells in bone marrow

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24
Q

Name the leukocytes

A

Neutrophils
Monocytes
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Eosinophils

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25
Q

Monocytes derive into what cells?

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells

26
Q

What are the phagocytic cells of the innate immunity? (Name)

A

Neutrophils and the derivitives of monocytes (macrophages and dendritic cells)

27
Q

What types of cells make up lymphocytes?

A

B cells
T cells
NK cells

28
Q

Out of the three types of lymphocytes, which are part of the innate immunity? Which are part of adaptive?

A

NK -> innate
B and T cells -> adaptive

29
Q

What do NK cells do

A

Seek out and kill virus infected and cancer cells

30
Q

Where do neutrophils circulate?

A

In the blood. Only gains access to tissues upon infection

31
Q

What happens after neutrophils engulph a pathogen?

A

neutrophils die too

32
Q

What is the important difference between neutrophils and macrophages?

A

Neutrophils die after they engulph a pathogen, macrophages dont. So- They can eat up more than one

33
Q

Which is larger: neutrophils or macrophages? Why?

A

Macrophages. They have larger vacuoles to enable continued phagocytosis

34
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Signaling molecules that cause mast cells to degranulate and release histamines.

35
Q

Explain the inflammatory response

A

Macrophages phago a pathogen and release cytokines, which causes mast cells to release histamines. This causes blood capillaries nearby to dilate, which allows neutrophils to gain access to the infected tissues

36
Q

Does blood flow increase during inflammatory response? Why/why not?

A

No. though the capillaries dilate, the blood is thicker because of the increase in neutrophils in the blood

37
Q

Where do macrophages stay?

A

Dermis
Alveoli
Lymph nodes - prevents pathogens from entering the blood

38
Q

Explain what dendritic cells are

A

Function like macrophages but interact with B and T cells to activate adaptative immunity

39
Q

What cell is the link between innate and adaptive immunity?

A

Dendritic cells

40
Q

Explain what NK cells do

A

Release perforin that perforates the plasma membrane of the cell. Then, granzymes go into the pores (holes from perforin) and destroy the cell from the inside.

Then macrophages and dendritic cells respond to the signals of the NK cells and clean up the debris

41
Q

What are antimicrobial peptides? Name an example

A

Short polypeptide chains that destroy pathogens, flag them for destruction or prevent them from replicating

SALIVA

42
Q

What do interferons do?

A

Travel by diffusion to UNinfected cells and bind to surface proteins. They trigger the production of anti-viral proteins.

When virus infects a cell like this, they are blocked from replicating

43
Q

What is the compliment system?

A

30 proteins

Circulate in the blood plasma and perforate the membranes of pathogens. It then recruits phagocytic cells to clean up debris

44
Q

Name the three things that make up chemical defence

A

Antimicrobial peptides
Interferons
Compliment system

45
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

Bone marrow

46
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus

47
Q

What are antigens?

A

Proteins or polysaccharides on the surface of pathogens

48
Q

What do T and B cells do

A

recognize and bind to specific antigens of specific pathogens

49
Q

What part of the antigen do B and T cells bind to?

A

Epitope

50
Q

What is the epitope

A

The binding site of B and T cells to antigen. Small cluster of amino acids or sugar molecules

51
Q

Which cell destroys pathogens circulating in body cells?

A

T cells.

Cell- mediated immunity

52
Q

Which cell destroys pathogens circulating in body fluid? What is this called

A

B cells

Humoral immunity

53
Q

What shape is the B cell antigen receptor?

A

Y shaped

54
Q

What shape are T cell antigen receptors

A

Straight, stick-like

55
Q

What types of antigen do B cells attach to?

A

Intact antigens

56
Q

What types of antigen do T cells attach to?

A

Antigens attached on the surface of host cells

57
Q

How are the chances of self reactivity reduced?

A

Once T and B cells mature, they are tested for self-reactivity

58
Q

Explain clonal selection

A

The proliferation stage

Macrophages/dendritic cells engulph a pathogen, and move the antigens to their surface. All cells in body (not rbc) have receptors on their plasma membrsne.

A helper T cell will try to fit the epitope. Once the right one is found, it secretes cytokines to trigger cloning. The helper T cell also activates the cloning of B cells that recognize the antigen

Clonal selection also produces memory B and T cells. Rapid response upon reinfection (a few days instead of 14)

59
Q

Explain the proliferation of B cells (after clonal selection)

A

Produces two types of cells: Memory cells and effector cells

Plasma cells are effector cells. They secrete antibodies (which bind to pathogens and flag them for destruction).

60
Q

What do antibodies do

A

Bind to viruses, flagging them for destruction. The viruses are unable to replicate or cause harm when marked by antibodies

61
Q

What is opsonization?

A

The increased rate of phagocytosis due to antibodies

62
Q

Explain cytotoxic T cells

A

Effector cells of T cells

They destroy virus infected body cells
Recognize antigens on

BIOL 225 (17 decks)

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