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BIOL 225 > Week 1 - Animal Diversity > Flashcards

Week 1 - Animal Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

How do animals stand upright + are not blobs if they have no cell walls?

A

Collagen

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2
Q

Collagen (composition)

A

PROTEIN INNOVATION. Foundation of bone, crystals of calcium and phosphate are deposited onto it. Other tissues can be draped onto collagen.

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3
Q

What binds muscle to bone?

A

Collagen

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4
Q

What 3 things allow animals to move?

A

Collagen, muscle tissue and nervous tissue

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5
Q

What is a blastula?

A

Hollow multicellular sphere. A stage of an animal embryo

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6
Q

What is Gastrulation?

A

The infolding of the blastula.

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7
Q

What would happen if gastrulation was to change?

A

The fundamental meaning of what it means to be an animal would change

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8
Q

What are hox genes?

A

Set of genes that dictate embryonic development

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9
Q

Which phyla does not have any Hox genes?

A

Porifera

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10
Q

How many genes make up a set of Hox genes?

A

Up to 13

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11
Q

How many sets of Hox genes do invertebrates have

A

1

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12
Q

How many copies of the Hox gene set do vertebrates have?

A

4

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13
Q

Why are vertebrate organ systems more complex (ie. more bells and whistles but same base) compared to invertebrates?

A

Vertebrates have more copies of the Hox gene sets

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14
Q

In what geo. era did the animals ancestor come from?

A

Ediacaran era (635 mya)

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15
Q

When was the Ediacaran era

A

635 mya

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16
Q

What are the closest relatives to animals/ common ancestor? Why?

A

Choanoflagellates. They greatly resemble the cells that make up sponges’ bodies (choanocytes)

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17
Q

Earliest molecular and chemical evidence of animals?

A

1 billion years ago

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18
Q

Earliest fossil evidence of animals?

A

500 mya. Soft bodied ediacaran

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19
Q

What is so special about the Cambrian period?

A

Animals with muscles, neurons, collagen, hox genes appeared

20
Q

What is needed for endo/exo skeletons?

A

Collagen

21
Q

When was the cambrian period

A

542 mya

22
Q

What is the cambrian explosion?

A

Radiation during cambrian period. MOST IMPORTANT MOMENT IN HISTORY OF ANIMAL EVOLUTION (bc start of hox genes, collagen muscle, nervous)

23
Q

When did plants emerge?

A

Ordovician period (488mya) of the Paleozoic era

24
Q

What caused the Cretaceous extinction?

A

An asteroid

25
Q

When was the Cretaceous period?

A

145 mya

26
Q

What caused the domination of mammals?

A

The cretaceous extinction killed off dinos, leaving their niches empty. MASSIVE RADIATION to fill those niches

27
Q

What caused the success of mammals (after their radiation)

A

The domination of angiosperms. Why?- food source (modern: agriculture)

28
Q

When was the radiation of mammals and birds?

A

Paleocene epoch of the paleogene period of the cenozoic era

29
Q

When did the dominance of angiosperms start?

A

Eocene epoch (56mya) of the paleogene period of the cenozoic era

30
Q

What are the body plans that sort the animal phyla?

A

Type of symmetry, embryonic tissues, body cavity, embryonic development

31
Q

What are the types of symmetry?

A

Radial, bilateral, none

32
Q

What’s weird about the porifera phyla?

A

No true tissues, no hox genes

33
Q

Which phyla are radially symmetrical

A

Ctenophora, Cnidaria

34
Q

What is cephalization?

A

The clustering of neurons and sense organs (formation of head + brain)

35
Q

What is the clustering of neurons and sense organs (formation of head + brain) called?

A

Cephalization

36
Q

What are the three embryonic tissues?

A

Ectoderm (the outside of the gastrula), endoderm (the inside of the pouch) and mesoderm (between endo and ecto)

37
Q

What does the ectoderm produce?

A

nervous tissue, sensory system and epidermis of skin

38
Q

What does the endoderm produce?

A

epithelial cells lining digestive and respiratory systems

39
Q

What does the mesoderm produce?

A

dermis of skin, skeletal and muscle systems, circulatory sys, etc

40
Q

What is a diploblastic animal? Name two phylas that are diploblastic

A

Only has ecto and endoderm- no mesoderm. Ctenophora and Cnidaria

41
Q

What is a triploblastic animal? Which phylas?

A

Have all three layers (endo, ecto, meso). All bilateral animals are triploblastic

42
Q

What is a ceolom

A

Fluid- filled space/ body cavity

43
Q

What are ceolomates. Example?

A

Mesoderm covers and seperates the ecto and endo layers, creating a gap between the layers of mesoderm. Organs are suspended. Ex: earthworms (annelida)

44
Q

What are pseudocoelomates? Example?

A

Mesoderm only covers ectoderm. Organs can move independently of the rest of the body. Example: nematoda (round worm).

45
Q

What are acoelomateas? Example?

A

No cavity. Cavity is filled with cells. Ex: flatworm (platyhelminthes)

46
Q

What are the characteristics for protostomes?

A
  1. Spiral cleavage.
  2. Determinate.
  3. Mesoderm splits into two
  4. Mouth develops from blastopore (formed first)
47
Q

What are the characteristics for Deuterostomes?

A
  1. Radial cleavage.
  2. Indeterminate.
  3. Mesoderm pinches from endoderm layer, stays one
  4. Anus develops from blastopore (formed first)

BIOL 225 (17 decks)

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