Week 7/8 formative quiz questions

Question 1

The majority of cancers arise from epithelial cells

Answer 1

The majority of cancers arise from epithelial cells

Question 2

Endostatin inhibits angiogenesis

Answer 2

True - Endostatin which is a component of collagen is released and blocks the MAPK pathway and ultimately inhibits gene expression.

Question 3

Platelets are small blood cells that bud off from megakaryocytes.

Answer 3

True – platelets are formed from large megakaryocytes in the bone marrow. Platelets are very small cells, and do not have a nucleus.

Question 4

Poor blood supply to a tissue is called ischaemia

Answer 4

True - for example, poor blood supply to the heart muscle (myocardial ischaemia) causes chest pain, known as angina.

Question 5

Cyclin D controls the movement of cells through the cell cycle

Answer 5

True - binds with CDK 4/6 and help push cells out of G0 into G1 to grow

Question 6

Tumour suppressor genes are dominant in nature

Answer 6

False - they are recessive and require 2 alleles to have a mutation

Question 7

Haemostasis occurs when bleeding continues

Answer 7

False – haemostasis refers to the cessation of bleeding after an injury

Question 8

Fibrin is insoluble

Answer 8

True – While fibrinogen is soluble, fibrin is insoluble, allowing it to play its role in clot formation

Question 9

The blood clotting system, when activated, results in thrombin production

Answer 9

True – activation of the clotting system produces thrombin, which in turn activates fibrin, which is a major component of blood clots

Question 10

EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition) is a process which is continually occurring in adult life

Answer 10

False - usually occurs in embryogenesis and in cancer

Question 11

Cancer which originate from glandular cells are known as sarcomas

Answer 11

False -they are known as adenocarcinomas

Question 12

Programmed cell death involves phagocytosis

Answer 12

True - this is a clean form of cell death known as apoptosis

Question 13

Localised death of tissue is called infarction

Answer 13

True – examples include myocardial infarction following occlusion of a coronary artery (a heart attack) or cerebral infarction following occlusion of a cerebral artery (a stroke)

Question 14

Tumours create an environment rich in oxygen

Answer 14

False - The angiogenic switch is controlled by hypoxia. Tumours activate this pathway by creating a hypoxic environment. As a result HIF1 alpha and beta are activated and trigger VEGF

Question 15

High oxygen levels are called hypoxia

Answer 15

False- hypoxia is the word for low oxygen levels

Question 16

Thrombosis and clot formation are the same process

Answer 16

False – thrombosis is clot formation that occurs inside a vein or artery, often occluding the vessel. This is a pathological process.

Question 17

Thrombosis occurs when platelets and fibrin form a solid pale plug

Answer 17

True – as in physiological clot formation, thrombosis results from the formation of a plug by platelet aggregation and fibrin mesh

Question 18

Vasoconstriction promotes bleeding during injury

Answer 18

False – vasoconstriction limits blood flow and prevents bleeding

Question 19

In normal cells, telomeres allow chromosomes to increase in length with each round of DNA replication

Answer 19

False - Telomeres are the counting device which shorten chromosomal ends with each round of replication ensuring cell numbers are under control

Question 20

Aim of chemotherapy is to force cell into apoptosis

Answer 20

True - chemotherapy disrupts DNA and RNA causing cell damage and ultimately death

Question 21

Blood vessels typically have a lining of endothelial cells

Answer 21

True – epithelial cells lining a blood vessel are called endothelium

Question 22

Thrombolysis is a mechanism for removing thrombus and clots

Answer 22

True – thrombolytic enzymes are present naturally in the blood, and this process can be replicated artificially with drugs

Question 23

Matrix metalloproteins contribute to loss of cell junctions

Answer 23

True - cleave extracellular portion of e cadherin

Question 24

Thrombosis is solidification of stagnant blood

Answer 24

False – thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot, or thrombus, inside a blood vessel. This can occur at a site of damaged endothelium, due to stagnant flow, or due to thrombophilia (“sticky blood”)

Question 25

E cadherin is involved in cell to cell adhesion

Answer 25

True - E - cadherin is involved in the adhesion of sheets of epithelial cells and has been studied due to its role in tumour suppression. Many epithelial cell cancers have been show to have high metastatic ability and they frequently demonstrate downregulation or mutation of E-cadherin

Question 26

Damage to interstitial collagens, located around vessels, can induce Tissue Factor release

Answer 26

True – damage to the collagenous connective tissue surrounding blood vessels is one of the ways tissue factor release is induced. Tissue factor can initiate the clotting system

Question 27

Tumour profile on a patient with Non Small Cell Lung cancer has shown a portion of PDL1 of 20%, they will be eligible for pembrolizumab

Answer 27

False PDL1 must be >50% to be eligible for treatment. However there are other immunotherapy treatment which are available in the recurrent and second line setting which can be given with a PDL1 of <50%
(no clue wtf that is on about btw)

Question 28

Pulmonary embolism involves a thrombus dislodging from a lung vein and lodging in another organ

Answer 28

False – pulmonary embolism involves a thrombus dislodging from a distant location (usually one of the deep veins in the leg or pelvis) and lodging in the lung.

Question 29

Circulatory shock is characterised by high blood pressure

Answer 29

False- circulatory shock means failure of the circulatory system, and is characterised by low blood pressure

Question 30

Pathological thrombosis can be predisposed by changes to the intimal surface of a vessel.

Answer 30

True – disturbance to the vascular endothelium can promote thrombus. Other predisposing factors are stagnant blood flow and hypercoagulability

Question 31

Circulatory shock can be a consequence of bleeding

Answer 31

True - severe blood loss can lead to an insufficient circulating volume to maintain normal blood pressure

Question 32

Anastrozole works by inhibiting oestrogen

Answer 32

False - it does not block oestrogen directly, it works by inhibiting the conversion of androgens to oestrogen

Question 33

Serum contains clotting factors.

Answer 33

False – by definition, serum is what is left of blood plasma once clotting factors have been removed. It contains all other circulating proteins, antibodies, hormones, electrolytes, exogenous substances dissolved in the bloodstream, etc

Question 34

Virchow’s triad describes the predisposing factors for infarction of tissue

Answer 34

False – Virchow’s triad describes the predisposing factors for pathological thrombosis. They are endothelial damage, stasis of blood flow and hypercoagulability

Question 35

Most common immunotherapy side effects is nephritis

Answer 35

False - colitis in 30% of dual immunotherapy patients