Pathogens and Host - Virus and Pathogenesis

Question 1

What are the virus pathogenic mechanisms?

Answer 1

Cell destruction following virus infection

Changes to cellular gene expression

Immunopathogenic disease

Question 2

What are the sites of viral entry?

Answer 2

Conjunciva
Arthropod
Capillary
Skin
Respiratory tract
Alimentary tract
Urogenital tract

Question 3

What is a chronic infection?

Answer 3

Persistant virus shedding

Question 4

Define viraemia

Answer 4

Presence of the virus in the blood

Question 5

What can worsen the destruction of respiratory epithelium by influenza A virus?

Answer 5

Secondary bacterial infection

Question 6

What is the effect of avian flu on cytokine expression?

Answer 6

Causes a cytokine storm

Question 7

What is an antigenic drift?

Answer 7

Gradual evolution of viruses to generate antigenic variants

Question 8

What is antigenic shift?

Answer 8

Significant changes in virus antigenic structure

Question 9

What can have a significant action in antigenic shift?

Answer 9

Non - human hosts

Question 10

Name some enterovirus infections

Answer 10

Poliomyelitis
Aseptic meningitis
Myocarditis
Pancreatitis
Respiratory infections

Question 11

What can be the result of infection of the neuronal tissues?

Answer 11

Paralysis

Question 12

Give an example of latent virus infection

Answer 12

Herpes

Question 13

Where does a virus lay latent?

Answer 13

Within a nucleus in the ganglia

Question 14

Give an example that might reactivate a latent virus?

Answer 14

Sunlight

Question 15

Give two examples of virus that can cause cancer

Answer 15

Papillomaviruses HPV - cervical carcinoma
Retroviruses - lymphomas and leukaemias

Question 16

How does the Human T-lymphotropic virus modify host cell gene expression?

Answer 16

Using transactivating protein - tax