week 7 Flashcards
What is cognitive dissonance
the mental discomfort that results from holding two conflicting beliefs, values, or attitudes
with cognitive dissonance, two belief are
dissonant when one is opposite to
the other
Dissonance reduction strategies:
- Remove the dissonant belief.
- Reduce the importance of the
dissonant belief. - Add a new consonant belief.
- Increase the importance of
the consonant belief.
4 Dissonance arousing situation
choice, insufficient justification, effort justification( extreme behaviours breed extreme beliefs), new information
Motivation to exercise personal control is predicted by two things
efficacy expectations and outcome expectations
What are the two types of expectations?
Efficacy expectation: expecting to be able to perform the behaviours required to cope effectively with the situations
outcome expectation: expect positive outcomes
Model of perceived control
self (agent)-efficacy expectation-> action (means)-outcome expectations-> control (ends)-perceived control-> cycle starts again
Perceived control refers to
Pre-performance, in-performance, and postperformance expectancies regarding the
extent to which one possesses the capacity
needed to attain desired outcomes and to
prevent undesired outcomes
Percieved control: beliefs and expectations the person holds that they can interact with the environment in ways that produce
desired outcomes and
prevent undesired outcomes
Self-efficacy is defined as
as one’s
judgment of how well (or poorly)
one will cope with a situation,
given the skills one possesses and
the circumstances one faces.
the opposite of efficacy is
doubt
Sources of self reliance: personal behaviour history
believing they can complete a course of action stems from their course of actions in the past
Sources of self-efficacy: vicarious experience
watching someone do what your attempt to do
sources of self efficacy: verbal persuasion
When effective, pep
talks persuade the
performer to focus
more on personal
strengths and less on
personal weaknesses
and deficiencies.
pygmalion effect
others imposed expectations become internalized by imposee
sources of self-efficacy: physiological state
Expecting to fail brings certain physiological states: pounding heart, feeling flushed
Effects of self-efficacy
- Choice (Approach vs. Avoid)
- Effort and Persistence
- Thinking and Decision Making
- Emotion Reactions (Stress, Anxiety)
what is learned helplessness
- Psychological state that results when an
individual perceives that events and
outcomes in the environment are
uncontrollable.
What are explanatory styles?
Relatively stable cognitively-based personality variable that reflects the habitual
way that people explain the reasons why bad events happen to them.
two styles:
optimistic explanatory style
pessimistic explanatory style
optimistic explanatory styles:
Tendency to explain bad events with attributions that are unstable and
controllable
pessimistic explanatory styles
Tendency to explain bad events with attributions that are stable and
uncontrollable
learned helplessness effects : 3 deficits
motivational deficit ( decreased willingness to try)
learning deficit (Acquired pessimistic
mindset that
interferes with one’s
ability to learn new
response-outcome
contingencies)
emotional deficits (energy-depleating emotions)
reactance theory
The psychological and behavioural
attempt at reestablishing (“reacting”
against) an eliminated or threatened
freedom.
reactance theory: 4 things
- both reactance and helplessness arise from outcome expectancies
- resistance is rooted in perceived control, helpless starts from absence
- a reactance response precedes a helplessness response
- reactance enhances performance, whereas helplessness undermines it
Expectancy-value model: value is defined as
e is defined as the perceived attractiveness of a task.
value hs 4 components:
interest value (task enjoyment)
utility value (usefulness to ones goal)
attainment value (importance to the self)
costs (psychological barriers)
Value intervention study: examined what
pParticipants are asked to discover the personal relevance of the course material
IV vs DV
IV: value boost and DV: perceived value in the course
Findings of the study:
For participants with relatively low initial course value, this value-boost intervention does seem to
increase course value, course achievement, and intentions to take future courses in this same area
of study.
