week 6

Question 1

Plans: corrective motivation includes a plan, the plan refers to an action sequence portrays individuals as 4 things

Answer 1

detecting present ideal inconsistencies

generating a plan of action to eliminate the incongruity

instigating plan-regulated behaviour

monitoring feedback as to the extent of any remaining present-ideal incongruity

Question 2

Describe a Plan discrepancy in two parts

Answer 2

present state: represents the persons current status of how life is going

ideal state: represents how the person wishes life was going

Question 3

How can this discrepancy be motivating

Answer 3

creates the sense of wanting to change the present state so that it will move
closer and closer toward the ideal state.

Question 4

If a person makes satisfactory progress reducing the discrepancy what emotions occur

Answer 4

hope, excitement, eagerness, enthusiasm

Question 5

if the rate of progress is uch better than anticipated

Answer 5

joy, delight, bliss

Question 6

if unsatisfactory progress toward reducing discrepancy what negative emotions occur

Answer 6

frustration, discouragement, sadness, depression

Question 7

What are the two types of discrepancy?

Answer 7

discrepancy reduction

discrepancy creation

Question 8

discrepancy reduction defined

Answer 8

Based on the discrepancy-detecting
feedback that underlies plans and
corrective motivation.

Question 9

discrepancy creation

Answer 9

Based on a “feed-forward” system
in which the person looks forward
and proactively sets a future,
higher goal.

Question 10

Discrepency reduction corresponds to

Answer 10

plan based corrective motivation

Question 11

discrepancy reduction is reactive, deficiency overcoming and

Answer 11

revolves around a feedback system

Question 12

discrepancy creation corresponds to

Answer 12

goal-setting motivation

Question 13

discrepancy creating is proactive, growth pursuing and revolves around

Answer 13

a feed-forward system

Question 14

What is a goal: 3 things

Answer 14

1. Whatever an individual is striving to
   accomplish.
2. A desired end-state that guides behaviour.
3. A future-focused cognitive representation
   of a desired end-state that guides
   behaviour.

Question 15

A couple examples of the origins of a goal

Answer 15

assignment of a goal, self-efficacy beliefs, value of the end state

Question 16

Goal mechanisms: goal difficulty

Answer 16

how hard is it to accomplish

Question 17

goal mechanism: goal specificity

Answer 17

how clearly the goal informs the person precisely what they are to do

Question 18

goal mechanism: goal congurence

Answer 18

how fully endorsed authentic, and whole-heartdly accepted, embraced and owned by the self the goals are

Question 19

the role of feedback: 3 things

Answer 19

1. Feedback, or knowledge of results, documents the person’s
   progress toward goal attainment.
2. Feedback defines performance (above standard, at standard, below
   standard).
3. Feedback acts as a reinforcer (or punisher)

Question 20

Short-term goals provide repeated commitment-boosting opportunities for

Answer 20

reinforcement following goal attainment
that long
-term goals cannot provide.

Question 21

long term goals can increase

Answer 21

intrinsic
motivation.

Question 22

Goals: cautions and pitfalls

Answer 22

Goal setting works best when tasks are uninteresting (e.g.,
studying).

Potential for goal conflict.

Setting goals for others can be controlling, pressure-inducing and
intrusive.

Question 23

Implementation intentions is a step step process:

Answer 23

1. goal intention-set the goal
2. implementation intention: plan how to attain that goal

Question 24

An if-then plan specifies in advance

Answer 24

the goal-striving process

Question 25

Implementation intentions: 3 part cycle

Answer 25

a) getting started, despite daily distraction-> persisting despite difficulty-> resuming once an interruption occurs

Question 26

goal setting 5 steps:

Answer 26

1. Identify the objective to be accomplished. 2. Define goal difficulty. 3. Clarify goal specificity. 4. Ask why you are pursuing this goal (clarify goal-self concordance). 5. Specify how and when performance will be assessed.

Question 27

goal striving occurs after goal setting

Answer 27

6. Identify goal-attainment strategies. 7. Create “if-then” implementation intentions. 8. Make performance feedback available.

Question 28

goal disengagement: reduction of effort, reduction of goal commitment

Answer 28

trying less hard or stopping altogether and reducing the importance that is attached to the goal.

Question 29

A mindset functions as a cognitive motivational system that produces many important downstream motivational consequences in one’s....

Answer 29

thinking, feeling, acting, lifestyle, and ways of coping.

Question 30

Mindset 1: deliberative-implemental described

Answer 30

Two sequential ways of thinking to differentiate the patterns of thought that occurs during goal-setting versus that which occurs during goal striving

Question 31

deliberative mindset

Answer 31

: An open-minded way of thinking to consider the desirability and feasibility of a range of possible goals that one might or might not pursue

Question 32

Implemental mindset:

Answer 32

A post-decisional closed-minded way of thinking that considers only information-related to goal attainment and shields against non-goal-related considerations.

Question 33

Deliberative- implemental mindset:

Answer 33

phase 1: goal setting/deliberative mindset-> phase 2: goal setting (implemental mindset)

Question 34

Mindset two: promotion and prevention; describe promotion

Answer 34

A focus on advancing the self toward ideals by adopting an eager locomotion behavioural strategy.

Question 35

prevention defined

Answer 35

: A focus on preventing the self from not maintaining one’s duties and responsibilities by adopting a vigilant behavioural strategy.

Question 36

The promotion mindset centers on the possibility of advancement. the individual is sensitive to

Answer 36

positive outcomes, approaches possibilities of gain, and adopts an eager behavioural strategy that might be characterized as “just do it.”

Question 37

promotion mindset concerns

Answer 37

growth, advancement, and accomplishment as the person strives to advance from a neutral state to one of accomplishing a desire, a wish, or an ideal.

Question 38

The prevention mindset centers on two things.

Answer 38

respect and duty

Question 39

prevention is concerned with

Answer 39

satey, security and responsibility as the person strives to prevent failing to do one’s duty, meet one’s obligations, and fulfill one’s responsibilities.

Question 40

Mindset 3: growth and fixed. growth mindset

Answer 40

The belief that one’s personal qualities are malleable, changeable, and can be developed through effort.

Question 41

fixed mindset:

Answer 41

The belief that one’s personal qualities are fixed, set, and not open to change.

Question 42

Meaning of effort: Growth

Answer 42

* Effort is a tool. * Today’s effort is what later becomes learning and skill.

Question 43

meaning of effort: fixed

Answer 43

* High effort means low ability. * High effort is simply evidence that the performer lacks ability.