week 3 Flashcards
What is extrinsic motivation?
an enviornmentally created reason( incentives and consequences) to engage in an action or activity
extrinic motivation involves 2 things generally
requested behaviour and extrinsic incentive
What is classified as an incentive?
environmental event that attracts or repels a person toward or away from initiating a particular course of activation
incentive always precedes
behaviour
conseuence
like an incentive but always follows behaviour
reward
offering from one person given to another in exchange for their service or achievement
types of reinforcement (2) and punishment(2)
positive reinforcement- add pleasant stimulus to increase behaviour
negative reinforcement- remove aversive stimulus to increase behaviour
positive punishment- add aversive stimulus to decrease behaviour
negative punishment- pleasant stimulus to decrease behaviour
Advantages of extrinsic motivation?
Useful to complete tasks, can motivate a group of people, thus increasing productivity, and leads to individual benefits
the drawback of extrinsic motivation
Develops i must do the behaviour, lowers autonomous self-regulation, decreases memory
Using a reward to engage someone in an activity has two consequences
intended primary effect and unintended side effects
intended primary effect promotes
compliance
unintended side effects
undermines intrinsic motivation, interferes with the quality and process of learning
overjustification effect
occurs when an external incentive decreases a persons intrinsic motivation to perform a behaviour or participate in an activity
example overjustification
someone who likes writing is now less passionate about it after getting a paid job in writing
expected rewards
Reward undermine intrinsic motivation, while unexpected ones do not
tangible reward
such as money, food, generally decrease intrinsic motivation whereas verbal rewards such as praise and positive feedback do not
ways to promote more autonomous types of extrinsic motivation
provide a rationale-> building interest
provide a rationale explained
explain why the uninteresting activity is important and useful enough to warrant engagement
building interest explained
involves first one interest situational interest in an activity and then holding that initial interest over time
What three factors are needed for psychological need satisfaction?
Autonomy, competence, and relatedness
what is self-determination theory?
states that people are motivated to grow and change by three innate and universal psychological needs
two key assumptions of self determination theory
the need for growth drives behaviour
Autonomous motivation is important
Self-determination theory: self-determined behaviours
motivated by intrinsic rewards, driven by enjoyment, interest, or satisfaction, feel like control
self-determination theory: non-self-determined behaviour
motivated by extrinsic reward, driven by obligation, feel a lack of control
self-determination theory posits that
Different types of motivation can be organized along a continuum of self-determination.
4 types of extrinsic motivation in extrinsic motivation theory
- external regulation, 2. introjected regulation, 3. identified regulation, 4. integrated regulation
external regulation
seeing the cause of behaviour as mostly external; lowest level of autonomy; motivated to comply based on external rewards and punishment
introjected regulation
cause is somewhat external; some ego involvement; an element of seeking validation from ourselves or others
identified regulation
cause of behaviour is somewhat internal; consciously assessing tasks or goals to carry personal value; feeling autonomy and volition
integrated regulation
the high level of autonomy, behaviour caused is internal, consciously identifying and internalizing the value of tasks or goals, seeing tasks or goals as consistent with self
internalization
an individual transforms a formerly externally prescribed regulation behaviour or value into an internally endorsed one
Internalization is a socialization process of taking…
taking in beliefs and behaviours from external sources
Integration
refers to the further transformation of these values, behaviours and regulations into the persons sense of self to the point they arise from and eminate out of the self
with full integration
the person generates the value, behaviour or regulation
Amotivation has 3 factors
lack of competence, lack of autonomy, lack of relatedness
traits of self-determined people
have control over own life, high intrinsic motivation, base their actions on their own goals
intrinsic motivation
the inherent desire to engage ones interests and to exercise and develop ones capacities
intrinsic motivation can be broken down into 3 factors
autonomy, competence and relatedness
