week 2 Flashcards
What are 4 general reasons the brain is important?
Thinking brain, clinical diagnosis, Motivational brain, emotional brain
Describe the thinking brain
cognitive and intellectual functions thinking, learning, remembering, decision making problem solving
Describe clinical diagnosis
understand clinical conditions autism, dyslexia
describe motivated brain
Needs, drives, desires, liking and wanting, cravings
Describe emotional brain
emotions, feelings, affect, mood
The motivated and emotional brain principle 1
day to day activate specific brain structures
Describe day to day events that activate brain regions
Threat activates the amygdala, and reward activates the ventral striatum
the motivated and emotional brain, principles 2
activated brain structures then generate specific motivations and emotions
example of principle 2
amygdala generates fear
The prefrontal cortex generates self-control.
Two regions of the brain?
the subcortical region, a cortical region
how does the cortical region and subcortical region interact
The cortical region makes it possible through thought to fit the desire of the subcortical region
What does the subcortical region do
generates basic impulses- hunger, thirst, sex
Key subcortical brain structures
reticular formation, amygdala, hypothalamus, ventral tegmental area or VTA
What does the reticular formation do
plays a key role in arousal, alertness,and the process of awakening the brain to process sensory info
What are the two parts of reticular formation?
ascending which causes activation and descending which regulates
role of amygdala
is a collection of interconnected nuclei associated with emotion and motivation, mostly fear
hypothalamus role?
regulates a range of important biological functions, including eating, drinking and mating
Role of VTA
Part of the brain reward system, it manufactures and releases dopamine
Role of dopamine: dopamine is a crucial neurotransmitter for
motivation and movement
the experience of reward or pleasure results from the release of
dopamine
the brain can be trained to feed off bursts of dopamine sparked by
rewarding experiences
Key cortical brain structures
prefrontal cortex, insula, orbitofrontal cortex and anteior cingulate cortex
Role of prefrontal cortex
These two cortical lobes underlie many important motivations, including affect/emotion, goals, and personal strivings.
What is the behavioural activation system
The behavioral activation system is activated within a person when they receive a signal from their environment or situation that something positive can be attained if they perform that activity.
Bas system is activated where?
The active left prefrontal cortex for people who have left dominant PFC
Behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
A system that predicts an individual’s response to anxiety-relevant cues in a given environment. Activated in times of punishment, neglect or boredom.
Role of orbitofrontal cortex
Stores and processes reward-related information that formulate their preferences and make choices between options.
Where is the orbitofrontal cortex?
lies beneath the prefrontal cortex
role of the anterior cingulate cortex
Attention, monitoring conflict, making choices, predicting consequences, and alerting other brain areas
What is the stress hormone?
cortisol
when is cortisol activated?
during stressful situations
short-term but long-term associations with cortisol
short- has an adaptive function
long-term- poor intellectual functioning, negative affect, poor health concerns
Cortisol is produced by blank acess
HPA
Oxytocin is known as blank. Role?
Known as the bonding hormone, supports the tend and befriend stress hormone, and raises trust in others.
Oxytocin motivates what
seeking counsel, support, and care of others during stress
Testosterone: associated with what traits
high competition, status-seeking and sexual motivation
Testosterone underlies what behaviour. Underlies what effort
underlies status-seeking behaviour
Underlies the mating effort
What is a need?
Any condition within the person that is essential and necessary for life, growth, and well-being
When needs are nurtured and satisfied what occurs
growth occurs, life is maintained, and well being is enhanced
If needs are neglected or thr
damage occurs that disrupts biological or psychological well being
Three types of needs
- psychological needs 2. physiological needs 3. implicit motives
Physiological needs
Biological condition within the organism that synchronizes brain structures, hormones, and major organs that regulate bodily well-being
psychological needs
Inherent psychological process underlying the proactive desire to seek out interactions that promote personal growth, social dev, and psychological well-being
implicit motives
internalized or learned from our emotional and socialization histories
Model of the need drive behaviour sequence
- satiated state -> physiological deprivation develops -> prolonged physiological deprivation produces bodily needs -> need intensifies -> goal directed behaviour to attempt to gratify drive -> gratifying behaviour -> drive is reduced -> system occurs again
Describe the 1st steps of the model.
Physiological need describe a deficient biological condition
describe step 2 Drive
conscious manifestation of an underlying unconscious physiological need
step 3 homeostasis
bodies tendency to maintain an internal stable state
- negative feedback
the phonological “stop system” for homeostasis
5 input and output
input:input= means of activation, output= different goal directed behaviour
intraorganismic mechanisms
include all the biological regulatory systems that activate, maintain, and terminate a need. include brain structures
extra-organismic mechanisms
Include all the environmental. influences that activate, maintain and terminate a psychological drive
3 important psychological needs
thirst, hunger, sex
describe thirst
consciously experienced motivation state to cause the need to replenish the water deficit
hunger
involves a regulatory system of both short-term regulation and long-term energy balance
sex
sexual motivation rises and falls in response to a host of factors, including hormones, external stimulation and cues, cognitive scripts
thirst involves what processes
physiological regulation, thirst activation, thirst satiety, hypothalamus and kidneys and environmental influences
When does this occur bodily?
when there is a deficit in body fluid between the intracellular and extracellular fluid
the important role of kidneys and hypothalamus
hypo detects little water and sends message to the kidneys, kidneys maintain water making pee more concentrated
glucostastic hypothesis for hunger:
increase/decrease in glucose signals to increase or decrease eating
lipostatic hypothesis
Fat tissue secretes ghrelin when hungry and leptin when full
Can we determine our set weight point?
no, it has a range
set point theory?
everyone has a genetically pre-determined body weight or set point, which is resistant to change
traditional sex response
desire-> arousal-> orgasms-> resolution
alternative sex response
inteimacy needs-> being open and responsive to sexual stimuli-> arousal-> desire-> enhanced intamacy
Sex model 5 steps
intimacy needs-> sexual stimuli-> sexual arousal-> sexual desire to continue-> enhanced intimacy
evolutionary basis for sex
men and women have evolved distinct psychological mechanisms that underlie their sexual motivations and mating strategies
what men want
young attractive mates
what women want
powerful high status mates
