Week 7

Question 1

CS, US, UR, CR, NS,

Answer 1

Conditioned stimulus (neutral stimulus)
Unconditioned stimulus (stimulus that elicits a reflexive response - Unconditioned response)
Conditioned response
Neutral response

Question 2

Extinction

Answer 2

CR wanes due to unpairing of UR with neural stimuli

Question 3

What phenomenon modifies behaviourism?

Answer 3

Discrimination - different responses to different stimuli

Question 4

What extends the behaviourism theory?

Answer 4

Generalisation. UR becoming CR

Question 5

What is instrumental (operant) conditioning?

Answer 5

A pairing of a positive (reinforcer) or negative (aversive) response to an unconditioned response which either encourages or dissuades the behaviour. I.e. getting a fine while speeding will encourage you to stick to the speed limit.

Question 6

What is the term for a pattern of l reinforcers (repeated pairing of the UR with the reinforcer)?

Answer 6

Schedule

Question 7

Which is more powerful/persisting form of reinforcement schedule, Intermittent or continuous?

Answer 7

Intermittent

Question 8

In a social learning theory, what is vicarious conditioning?

Answer 8

Empathising with someone else who is subject to conditioning. Seeing someone at the gallows for a crime pairs an UR of murder with CS of hanging

Question 9

What do you call it when you learn behaviour by watching?

Answer 9

Observational learning

Question 10

In observational learning, are reinforcement contingencies experienced?

Answer 10

No, they are observed and expected when one models the behaviour. Sex in advertising - one observes that attaining status through the acquisition of products will lead to sexual attention, one procures products and expects the sexual attention

Question 11

What is the behaviourism definition of phobia

Answer 11

Instrumental conditioning that can produce behavioural tendencies that persist when they are no longer adaptive

Question 12

When an organism has a natural response to a stimuli?

Answer 12

Reflex

Question 13

What was Dill with David?

Answer 13

HIGHER ORDER CONDITIONING

Sweden - CS that was paired with high degree of romantic stimulation David US that created an UR (Sexual arousal, pain) -> the smell of Dill for 5 years after the break up CR.

Question 14

Robert Rescorla 1988

Answer 14

Classical conditioning - use experiences of relations between parts of the world to build a picture of reality.

Cognitive Associations and subsequent responses reflect real world relationships

Question 15

Rescorla - how many times must a pairing occurs before conditioning occurs?

Answer 15

Rescorla says much shorter than many theorists - 6 or 7 pairings can create a conditioned response

Question 16

What happens when you are repeatedly exposed to a US And CR?

Answer 16

Regular pairings will diminish the CR

Question 17

Walther (2002)

Answer 17

Pairing photos of unknown people (CS) with photos of liked or disliked people (UR) created similar emotional relations to the unknown people (CR)

(The way a person is interpreted THROUGH their friends)

Question 18

When quitting smoking, what is the removal of poor health termed in operant conditioning?

Answer 18

Negative Reinforcement - removal of something bad that encourages behaviour

Question 19

What is “time out” in operant conditioning?

Answer 19

Removal of positive stimuli for a child as punishment.