Week 2 Flashcards
In the Motive approach what is “press”
External stimuli that elicit motivational tendencies
The need for achievement is part of which model of personality
Motive model
What are the the 4 needs in the motive model
AAPI
Need for achievement
Need for power
Need for affiliation
Need for intimacy
What is incentive value?
The amount that a particular action will satisfy a need
Implicit motives vs explicit motives
Unconscious vs conscious
Talk about need strength
The level of internal dissatisfaction and the concomitant level of behavioural action to satisfy the need
Need > motive > behaviour
Needs: biological or psychological experiences of internal dissatisfaction that require attention
Motives: clusters of cognitions with affective overtones, organised around preferred experiences and goals.
Behaviour: action taken to address need/motive
Motive disposition
The varying degrees to which someone has dispositional need ie John has his motive disposition for achievement and so will work harder vs Peter who has low dispositional need and works less
Apperception
Interpreting a present stimulus in light of one’s motives and experience
Used in the TAT (thematic apperception test)
TAT
Thematic Apperception Test
Write stories in response to pictures - the themes in the pictures will expose underlying motivations
Is deprivation necessary for increased need?
No. McClelland 1953 found deprivation isn’t necessary to to around a motive and previous satisfaction of a need can increase motivation
What did McClelland (1985) say about the difference between needs and incentives?
Need: long-term frequencies of need-relevant actions of any type.
Incentive: choices within that domain of action
I.e: hunger is a long-term need, choosing to eat cocoyoyo with chia seeds and intagraming it is an incentive.
Describe the difference between implicit motive and self-attributed motive
Implicit motive is what the PSE tests. They are un-reportable by the participant.
Self-attributed motive (explicit motive) is what reported
What is the difference in memory activation by implicit motive and explicit motive?
Implicit motive triggers memories of specific events - i.e the way you recall an event will have a subjective filter that conveys your implicit motives - how you perceive certain actions of others etc.
Explicit motives predict recall of general memories that relate to self-concept. The moments that either confirm self-concept “when I did x and felt good” when “I didn’t do x ans felt bad”
Criterion-referenced tests and criticisms?
Criterion-referenced tests are testing against a certain criterion ie symptoms of depression, driving. You either meet the required limit of a certain category (clinical depression or good driver) or you don’t.
Criticised for having arbitrary cutoff points.
Norm-referenced tests
Tests that are scored against the medial responses of a representative group.
They are comparative - how you stack up against the general population - not categorical - how are you at a certain task
In a norm-referenced test what is raw data?
How someone performed compared to the norm
What is the process of standardisation in norm-reference tests?
And what does the process of standardisation need?
Testing a population to get the norms - the standard - against which other tests are measured
Large same size
Representativeness of the same (of testing norms of 3 y/os the sample must be made up of 3 y/os
How do you standardise a raw tests score?
By comparing it with Norms of like variables: age, sex etc.
What is the BAS/BFS? And how are they related to PA/E in depression?
Behaviour activation system
System involved in detecting reward and avoiding punishment. Linked by Fowles to:
Behavioural facilitation system
Combo of BAS/BAF and PA/E are understood to be a biobehavioral system that increases incentive motivation, sensitivity to reward signals, pleasure seeking and euphoria.
This is a protective factor against depression
People with higher PA/E are less likely to experience prolonged depression
Because
The combo of high PA/E and the BAS/BFS are a biobehavioral system which protect against depression by making the person more sensitive to reward signals, euphoria etc
True, true correct reason
What did the old version of PA/E encompass? And what has it been replaced by?
Used to encompass risk taking, impulsivity and unreliability- this complicated the category
Now included in Conscientiousness.
