Conditioning Flashcards
A model of learning: associating one stimulus with another.
Classical conditioning
For classical conditioning to work, what must be present - the innate response onto which an association can attach.
reflex - an innate response to a stimuli
What is another term for reflex in the classical conditioning formula? Ie an automatic response to a stimuli
Unconditioned (unconditioned stimulus)
Unconditioned response
US and UR
Unconditioned Stimulus
Unconditioned Response
What is the neutral stimulus called once it has been associated with an US
Conditioned Stimulus
When the US and CS are paired over time and the CS starts to produce a response without the US
Conditioned Response
What is it called when a CR acts as a UR to another association - Ie -> David heartbreak UR -> Dill Sadness CR -> pickle store sadness CR
Higher-order conditioned response
What is it called if I have a David-Ish CR to fennel fronds (not dill)
Generalisability - CR towards a similar stimuli
What is it called If a similar stimuli to the CS/CR doesn’t evoke a CR? Such as a plate of mint vs dill
Discrimination - the more different the stimuli, the more generalisation doesn’t work, the less likely a CR will occur.
What has happened when the CR reduces and im able to eat dill without any emotional response.
Extinction - the CR has been experienced a number of times without the UR.
What is it called if I’m able to eat dill again without an overwhelming emotional response?
Extinction - the CR has lost potency.
Some theorists suggest that the CR never goes away, but rather, a new CR of non-response is created
What is classical conditioning called when it is related specifically to emotions?
Emotional conditioning
What is the style of conditioning (known by two names) In which one actively chooses behaviours which increase positive outcomes and reduces behaviours with negative outcomes
Instrumental conditioning
Operant Conditioning
What is the internal measure that is created to rate the benefits or disadvantages of particular behaviours in instrumental or operant conditioning?
Habit Hierarchy
A positive outcome, which rate higher on the habit hierarchy, correlates with a satisfying state of affairs. What is the name given to the positive outcome?
Reinforcer
There are two types of reinforcers: primary reinforcers and secondary reinforcers. What is the difference?
Primary reinforcers- directly reduce biological need (sex)
Secondary reinforcers - indirectly work on biological need (going to the gym - to get sex later)
What does discrimination/generalisation mean in the context of instrumental conditioning
The similarity or difference occurs in the reinforcement
In instrumental conditioning - If the stimuli signifies the opportunity of reinforcement
Discriminant stimuli
What happens to the Habit Hierarchy if there are shifts in discriminate stimuli?
A behaviour will change on the level of the hierarchy depending on the levels of reinforcement
What principle allowed conditioning theorists to talk about trait-like qualities?
Generalisation - the likely hood of responding to a set of similar stimuli creates patterns
What are the two types of reinforcement schedules?
Continuous reinforcement - behaviour is followed by reinforcement every single time
Partial reinforcement - behaviour is followed by reinforcement some of the time
Which reinforcement schedule is more likely to extinguish quickly when then reinforcer is removed
Continuous Reinforcement
Partial Reinforcement is more resistant to extinction
When you hit a child for doing something wrong
Positive Punishment - adding a negative reinforcer
When you punish a child with time-out
Negative Punishment - you reduce positive reinforcers of unwanted behaviour
Social learning theorists suggest a class of reinforcers are the most impactful on behaviour - what are they?
Social reinforcers - acceptance, smiles, hugs etc.
What is the tactic or reinforcement when you have behaved in a way that you perceive as positive? (Treat)
Self-reinforcement
What tactics can an individual use to reinforce behaviour on themselves?
Self-reinforcement/self-punishment
Vicarious emotional arousal is know but another work, what is it?
Empathy
What is it called if you start to build associations - learning - by watching someone else and experiencing their emotional state?
Vicarious classical conditioning
What is it called if you watch someone tell a joke, make everyone laugh and see the comic feels a sense of satisfaction, then feel compelled to tell jokes yourself?
Vicarious reinforcement
When someone learns new information or how to employ certain behaviours in new ways by watching someone else attain reward from said behaviour?
Observational learning
What are the 4 categories of variables that influence observational learning and performance
Attention for encoding
Retention
Production
Performance
What are the three sub-variables of the variable - attention for encoding - of Observational learning
Characteristic of the model - attractive, powerful, expert
Characteristic of behaviour - distinctive, clear, simple
Characteristics of the observer - motivated, capable
What was the three sun-variables of the variable - Retention - in Observational Learning
Use of imagery
Use of language
Use of mental rehearsal
What are the three sub-variables of the variable - performance - for observational learning
Capacity to produce necessary responses
Prior experience with overall behaviour
Prior experience with components of behaviour
What are the two sun-variables of the variable - performance - for observational learning?
Consequences for the model- rewarded or punished or no consequences
Consequences for observer - rewarded, punished, no consequences
In Bandura’s study of observational learning using THE DOLL, which group - rewarded/none/punished - performed more spontaneous acts of agression towards the doll? Which group were able to recreate acts in the video 10 mins later?
Rewarded - most acts of agression towards doll
No difference in ability to recreate - no difference in acquisition of knowledge
Observational learning takes place when observing real life models as well as models on TV or films. What is the name of the fictional models?
Symbolic models
There are two types of assessment for conditioning-learning. What are they?
Psychological assessment - testing the physiological responses to emotion
Behavioural assessment - what behaviours follow the conditioning
The social-cognitive approach to assessment tends to use one report measure, what is it?
Self-report
When systematic desensitisation is used, and the fear invoking stimulus is paired with a relaxed emotional state it is called….?
Counterconditioning
What is the more recent therapy used in counterconditioning?
Exposure treatments
What is the intervention which aims to countercondition associations - say smoking - from reinforcements created through instrumental conditioning?
Contingency management
By increasing the context of the association, it hopes to increase the efficacy of the counter conditioning beyond the therapists office - smoking - working on contexts in which social or behavioural reinforcers are preset - a bar, post coital etc
What is the name for the specific issues that can shape (negative) expectations about outcome, can hinder vicarious learning, and have negative effects on outcomes in the social-cognitive model of learning?
Skill Deficits - poor modelling. Lacking the baseline skills for advancement. Poor sense of efficacy.
What is the type of modeling therapy in which the model (usually the therapist) performs the behaviour and the patient repeats it
Participant Modelling
Which type of modelling has been shown to be more effective in the treatment of phobias: Mastery, in which the fear is extinguished or Coping, which uses cognitive tools to acknowledge and navigate the fear
Coping
What are the 5 layers of Maslow’s hierarchy?
Physiological
Safety and physical security
Love and belongingness
Esteem
Self-actualisation
Maslow defined the lower levels of the pyramid as ________-________ motives and the higher as _______-__________motives
Deficiency-based
growth-based
What is the group of people who are very focused on the act of self-actualising, which he referred to as “universal-actualisation”?
Transcendent self-actualisers
Maslow has a term to describe moments when self-actualisation is most prominent. What is it?
Peak experience
A logical ramification of self-actualisation approaches is that one is alone in the universe. That one must find their way and take responsibility for themselves. What is the term that describes this?
Existential psychology
What German word describes one of the dilemmas in the existentialist approach to psychology
Dasein
“Being-in-the-world”
People have no existence apart from the world and the world has no meaning apart from the people in it
The existentialist approach creates a challenge that will not always be met, no matter how adept you are at self-actualising. This creates an inevitable byproduct - what is this called?
Existential guilt
In terror theory - tied to existentialist psychology - what happens when there is increased mortality salience?
People become more connected to their cultures - Americans become more patriotic - jihadists become more jihady
What does mortality salience do to self-actualising?
Increases congruence
Increases identity seeking
What does terror theory suggest about sexuality?
That sex is an animal act, and reminds one of their mortality - this creates an impulse to construct cultural and symbolic aesthetics to it so as to distance themselves from it
Examining people in the self-actialisation and self-determination models creates a lot of information - what is the approach which helps analyse the information?
Content analysis - Ie Peter said 4 things expressing self-doubt, 13 things expressing self-approval, but in relation to goals set by his family…
What is the process Rogers suggested for assessing self-concept?
Q-sort
Sorting a number of cards with statements about the self. From this a sense of self-concept can be attained.
It forces self-evaluation
What is the measurement used to assess self-actualisation? And what are the two main dimensions of the measurement?
Personal Oriented Inventory
Time competence
Inner directed
Along with measuring self-concept and self-actualisation, what other 2 important dimensions are measured in this model?
Self-determined behaviour/motives vs controlled motives
In dealing with problematic behaviour and distress in this theory, what did Rogers say was the ambition of therapy
To reintegrate the disorganisation of the organismic value processing and behaviour
What is a key feature of Rogerian therapy that occurs between the therapist and the client, that is the precursor to them being able to “listen” to their organismic value processing?
Unconditional positive regard
What is the name of the therapy derived from Rogers’ theory of self-actualisation?
Person-centred therapy
Within person-centred therapy there are two types of reflection the therapist uses - what are they?
Clarification of feeling - reflecting back the feeling expressed
Restatement of content - reflecting back the ideas and concepts - not the emotions
