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Conditioning Flashcards

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1
Q

A model of learning: associating one stimulus with another.

A

Classical conditioning

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2
Q

For classical conditioning to work, what must be present - the innate response onto which an association can attach.

A

reflex - an innate response to a stimuli

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3
Q

What is another term for reflex in the classical conditioning formula? Ie an automatic response to a stimuli

A

Unconditioned (unconditioned stimulus)

Unconditioned response

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4
Q

US and UR

A

Unconditioned Stimulus
Unconditioned Response

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5
Q

What is the neutral stimulus called once it has been associated with an US

A

Conditioned Stimulus

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6
Q

When the US and CS are paired over time and the CS starts to produce a response without the US

A

Conditioned Response

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7
Q

What is it called when a CR acts as a UR to another association - Ie -> David heartbreak UR -> Dill Sadness CR -> pickle store sadness CR

A

Higher-order conditioned response

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8
Q

What is it called if I have a David-Ish CR to fennel fronds (not dill)

A

Generalisability - CR towards a similar stimuli

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9
Q

What is it called If a similar stimuli to the CS/CR doesn’t evoke a CR? Such as a plate of mint vs dill

A

Discrimination - the more different the stimuli, the more generalisation doesn’t work, the less likely a CR will occur.

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10
Q

What has happened when the CR reduces and im able to eat dill without any emotional response.

A

Extinction - the CR has been experienced a number of times without the UR.

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11
Q

What is it called if I’m able to eat dill again without an overwhelming emotional response?

A

Extinction - the CR has lost potency.

Some theorists suggest that the CR never goes away, but rather, a new CR of non-response is created

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12
Q

What is classical conditioning called when it is related specifically to emotions?

A

Emotional conditioning

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13
Q

What is the style of conditioning (known by two names) In which one actively chooses behaviours which increase positive outcomes and reduces behaviours with negative outcomes

A

Instrumental conditioning
Operant Conditioning

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14
Q

What is the internal measure that is created to rate the benefits or disadvantages of particular behaviours in instrumental or operant conditioning?

A

Habit Hierarchy

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15
Q

A positive outcome, which rate higher on the habit hierarchy, correlates with a satisfying state of affairs. What is the name given to the positive outcome?

A

Reinforcer

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16
Q

There are two types of reinforcers: primary reinforcers and secondary reinforcers. What is the difference?

A

Primary reinforcers- directly reduce biological need (sex)

Secondary reinforcers - indirectly work on biological need (going to the gym - to get sex later)

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17
Q

What does discrimination/generalisation mean in the context of instrumental conditioning

A

The similarity or difference occurs in the reinforcement

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18
Q

In instrumental conditioning - If the stimuli signifies the opportunity of reinforcement

A

Discriminant stimuli

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19
Q

What happens to the Habit Hierarchy if there are shifts in discriminate stimuli?

A

A behaviour will change on the level of the hierarchy depending on the levels of reinforcement

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20
Q

What principle allowed conditioning theorists to talk about trait-like qualities?

A

Generalisation - the likely hood of responding to a set of similar stimuli creates patterns

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21
Q

What are the two types of reinforcement schedules?

A

Continuous reinforcement - behaviour is followed by reinforcement every single time

Partial reinforcement - behaviour is followed by reinforcement some of the time

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22
Q

Which reinforcement schedule is more likely to extinguish quickly when then reinforcer is removed

A

Continuous Reinforcement

Partial Reinforcement is more resistant to extinction

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23
Q

When you hit a child for doing something wrong

A

Positive Punishment - adding a negative reinforcer

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24
Q

When you punish a child with time-out

A

Negative Punishment - you reduce positive reinforcers of unwanted behaviour

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25
Q

Social learning theorists suggest a class of reinforcers are the most impactful on behaviour - what are they?

A

Social reinforcers - acceptance, smiles, hugs etc.

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26
Q

What is the tactic or reinforcement when you have behaved in a way that you perceive as positive? (Treat)

A

Self-reinforcement

27
Q

What tactics can an individual use to reinforce behaviour on themselves?

A

Self-reinforcement/self-punishment

28
Q

Vicarious emotional arousal is know but another work, what is it?

A

Empathy

29
Q

What is it called if you start to build associations - learning - by watching someone else and experiencing their emotional state?

A

Vicarious classical conditioning

30
Q

What is it called if you watch someone tell a joke, make everyone laugh and see the comic feels a sense of satisfaction, then feel compelled to tell jokes yourself?

A

Vicarious reinforcement

31
Q

When someone learns new information or how to employ certain behaviours in new ways by watching someone else attain reward from said behaviour?

A

Observational learning

32
Q

What are the 4 categories of variables that influence observational learning and performance

A

Attention for encoding
Retention
Production
Performance

33
Q

What are the three sub-variables of the variable - attention for encoding - of Observational learning

A

Characteristic of the model - attractive, powerful, expert

Characteristic of behaviour - distinctive, clear, simple

Characteristics of the observer - motivated, capable

34
Q

What was the three sun-variables of the variable - Retention - in Observational Learning

A

Use of imagery
Use of language
Use of mental rehearsal

35
Q

What are the three sub-variables of the variable - performance - for observational learning

A

Capacity to produce necessary responses
Prior experience with overall behaviour
Prior experience with components of behaviour

36
Q

What are the two sun-variables of the variable - performance - for observational learning?

A

Consequences for the model- rewarded or punished or no consequences

Consequences for observer - rewarded, punished, no consequences

37
Q

In Bandura’s study of observational learning using THE DOLL, which group - rewarded/none/punished - performed more spontaneous acts of agression towards the doll? Which group were able to recreate acts in the video 10 mins later?

A

Rewarded - most acts of agression towards doll

No difference in ability to recreate - no difference in acquisition of knowledge

38
Q

Observational learning takes place when observing real life models as well as models on TV or films. What is the name of the fictional models?

A

Symbolic models

39
Q

There are two types of assessment for conditioning-learning. What are they?

A

Psychological assessment - testing the physiological responses to emotion

Behavioural assessment - what behaviours follow the conditioning

40
Q

The social-cognitive approach to assessment tends to use one report measure, what is it?

A

Self-report

41
Q

When systematic desensitisation is used, and the fear invoking stimulus is paired with a relaxed emotional state it is called….?

A

Counterconditioning

42
Q

What is the more recent therapy used in counterconditioning?

A

Exposure treatments

43
Q

What is the intervention which aims to countercondition associations - say smoking - from reinforcements created through instrumental conditioning?

A

Contingency management

By increasing the context of the association, it hopes to increase the efficacy of the counter conditioning beyond the therapists office - smoking - working on contexts in which social or behavioural reinforcers are preset - a bar, post coital etc

44
Q

What is the name for the specific issues that can shape (negative) expectations about outcome, can hinder vicarious learning, and have negative effects on outcomes in the social-cognitive model of learning?

A

Skill Deficits - poor modelling. Lacking the baseline skills for advancement. Poor sense of efficacy.

45
Q

What is the type of modeling therapy in which the model (usually the therapist) performs the behaviour and the patient repeats it

A

Participant Modelling

46
Q

Which type of modelling has been shown to be more effective in the treatment of phobias: Mastery, in which the fear is extinguished or Coping, which uses cognitive tools to acknowledge and navigate the fear

A

Coping

47
Q

What are the 5 layers of Maslow’s hierarchy?

A

Physiological
Safety and physical security
Love and belongingness
Esteem
Self-actualisation

48
Q

Maslow defined the lower levels of the pyramid as ________-________ motives and the higher as _______-__________motives

A

Deficiency-based
growth-based

49
Q

What is the group of people who are very focused on the act of self-actualising, which he referred to as “universal-actualisation”?

A

Transcendent self-actualisers

50
Q

Maslow has a term to describe moments when self-actualisation is most prominent. What is it?

A

Peak experience

51
Q

A logical ramification of self-actualisation approaches is that one is alone in the universe. That one must find their way and take responsibility for themselves. What is the term that describes this?

A

Existential psychology

52
Q

What German word describes one of the dilemmas in the existentialist approach to psychology

A

Dasein

“Being-in-the-world”

People have no existence apart from the world and the world has no meaning apart from the people in it

53
Q

The existentialist approach creates a challenge that will not always be met, no matter how adept you are at self-actualising. This creates an inevitable byproduct - what is this called?

A

Existential guilt

54
Q

In terror theory - tied to existentialist psychology - what happens when there is increased mortality salience?

A

People become more connected to their cultures - Americans become more patriotic - jihadists become more jihady

55
Q

What does mortality salience do to self-actualising?

A

Increases congruence

Increases identity seeking

56
Q

What does terror theory suggest about sexuality?

A

That sex is an animal act, and reminds one of their mortality - this creates an impulse to construct cultural and symbolic aesthetics to it so as to distance themselves from it

57
Q

Examining people in the self-actialisation and self-determination models creates a lot of information - what is the approach which helps analyse the information?

A

Content analysis - Ie Peter said 4 things expressing self-doubt, 13 things expressing self-approval, but in relation to goals set by his family…

58
Q

What is the process Rogers suggested for assessing self-concept?

A

Q-sort

Sorting a number of cards with statements about the self. From this a sense of self-concept can be attained.

It forces self-evaluation

59
Q

What is the measurement used to assess self-actualisation? And what are the two main dimensions of the measurement?

A

Personal Oriented Inventory

Time competence

Inner directed

60
Q

Along with measuring self-concept and self-actualisation, what other 2 important dimensions are measured in this model?

A

Self-determined behaviour/motives vs controlled motives

61
Q

In dealing with problematic behaviour and distress in this theory, what did Rogers say was the ambition of therapy

A

To reintegrate the disorganisation of the organismic value processing and behaviour

62
Q

What is a key feature of Rogerian therapy that occurs between the therapist and the client, that is the precursor to them being able to “listen” to their organismic value processing?

A

Unconditional positive regard

63
Q

What is the name of the therapy derived from Rogers’ theory of self-actualisation?

A

Person-centred therapy

64
Q

Within person-centred therapy there are two types of reflection the therapist uses - what are they?

A

Clarification of feeling - reflecting back the feeling expressed

Restatement of content - reflecting back the ideas and concepts - not the emotions

Psych Personality (13 decks)

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