Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych Personality > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Describe the trait approach to personality

A

Stable inner qualities
Continuions dimensions if variability
The same for everyone
Nomothetic (defined by science)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the Type approach to personality

A

Discontinuous categories in personality
Idiographic (emphases the uniqueness rather than a continuions and broadly applicable model ie trait)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is factor analysis

A

An analysis of relationships between interconnected variables that reveals deeper substructures which explain the relationship

Reduces dimensionality (5 observable traits to 2 unobserved factors)
Tests theories

Ie: low conscientious and high neuroticism = poor outcomes in relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a Shared Factor and Variant Commonality in Factor Analysis

A

A Shared Factor explains correlations between observed variables to unobserved factors.

Ie: FA finds a relationship between depression and insomnia. FA finds a correlation of 45%. Further analysis of insomnia in the community finds 55% of insomnia which is not correlated with depression and so is a Unique Factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 5 Factors
Even Apes Can Eat Oreos

A
  1. Extraversion
  2. agreeableness
  3. Conscientiousness
  4. Emotionality
  5. Openness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Situationism

A

A theory that behaviour is a response to situations not inherent traits

Disproven

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Interactionism

A

That circumstances and personality interact in certain ways to determine behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

According to Gordon Allport, What is personality

A

A dynamic organisation of internal psychophysical systems

It has processes - it is not static

Is a psychological concept but it is tied to the body

Causal force to determine how the person will relate in the world

Personality shows up in patterns and consistencies

Is displayed in a multitude of ways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Intrapersonal functioning

A

The dynamic and unique processes that go to make up a persons personality. Different organisations of different factors functioning at different times.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Motive perspective

A

That motives are a causal force for behaviour

Differences in the core motivations explains differences in personality in this model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Inheritance and Evolution perspective

A

Dispositions are inherited

Emphasis on genes/biology in personality

Traits have evolved over time as they have served a function in survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Biological process perspective

A

That hormones and the nervous system interact to create causal factors for behaviour.

Differences in biological systems define different behaviour (Alex Honnold has very low amygdala function - low fear response)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Psychoanalytic perspective

A

That there are forces and conflits in the psyche which are causal factors for behaviour (Freud - I want mummy’s teet so I am angry at women who feed their children in public)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Psychosocial perspective

A

That interactions with other people are a causal force for personality

Evolved from psychoanalytic theory, often called neoanalytic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Learning perspective

A

That experience is a causal factor for behaviour.

A person’s personality is the result of learnings to that point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Self-actualisation / self-determination perspective (also known as organismic perspective

A

That each person has a potential to grow into a valuable human being if provided the environment to do so (Maslow)

People can move themselves in that direction through freewill if provided the environment to do so.

Personality is that uniqueness expressing itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cognitive perspective

A

Personality is defined by deriving meaning from experiences.

Explores the cognitive function in construing meaning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Self-regulation perpective

A

People are complex psychological systems seeking homeostasis. Personality is the expression of these systems seeking to attain homeostasis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 10 personality perspectives? Pope Cameron Sexted Stacey Entirely/Inappropriate Lecherous Pictures Behind the Monastery Tower

A

1 Psychoanalytic

2 cognitive

3 self-regulation

4 self-determination

5 evolutionary / inheritance

6 learning

7 psychosocial

8 biological

9 motive

10 trait

Pope Cameron Sexted Stacey Entirely/inappropriate Lecherous Pictures Behind the Monastery Tower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is needed for good theory

A

Parsimony (simplicity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What theme important for personality psychology does George Allport (1961) call “dynamic organisation”

A

Intrapersonal functioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Who suggested the theory of personology?

A

Henry Murray 1938

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

A long in-depth observation of a person as a form of research

A

Case study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

A form of personality data gathering where a subject is prompted to record their internal thoughts/experiences

A

Experience sampling, diary studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

A research method that focuses on a person’s uniqueness?

A

Idiographic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the difference between clinical significance and statistical significance

A

Clinical - the affect accounts for changed behaviour

Statistical - there is a less than 5% chance the correlation would have occurred randomly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Which theorist used factor analysis to determine the major traits used today?

A

Raymond Cattell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Who proposed the two super traits
Extraversion - Introversion
Emotionality - stability

A

Hans Eysenck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

In the dimensional approach to trait theory, are measurements qualitative or quantitative

A

Quantitive - how much of a trait do you have

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the difference between a continuous and discontinuous model of personality

A

Continuous - Quantitive - how much of a certain train do you have. Two ends of the spectrum with different traits eg extroverted/ introverted

Discontinuous - seperate, essential traits that cannot overlap - extrovert OR introvert

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

In factor loadings, what would a 0.73 mean?

A

That there is a strong relationship between the question and the factor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Once you have completed a Correlational Matrix, what is the name given to the categories of correlations used to simplify the model?

A

Factor loadings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

When psychologists try to determine the personality traits that exists by assessing language?

A

Lexical criterion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are Eysenck’s levels of personality hierarchy?

A

1 supertrait
2 trait
3 habit/habitual response
4 specific stimulus response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is Jerry Woggins’ theoretical approach to personality?

A

Interpersonal circle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the vertical dimension of Wiggins’ interpersonal circle?

A

Assured - Dominant
Unassured - Submissive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the horizontal dimension of Wiggins’ interpersonal circle?

A

Love
Cold hearted — warm-agreeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

A study in 2009 suggested that imaginative processes and logic are processed in different parts of the brain - what did this mean for one of the BIG 5?

A

That Openness to experience may be referring to something other than intellect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Who made this definition of NEEE: need is an internal state that is less than satisfactory, a lack of something necessary for well-being

A

Henry Murray 1938

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Who said? Motives are clusters of cognitions with affective overtones organised around preferred experiences and goals

A

David McClelland 1984

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What distinguishes a need from a motive?

A

A motive has a subjective experience

Eg

NEED for food/ hunger MOTIVE

NEED for sex/ horniness MOTIVE

NEED for affiliation/loneliness MOTIVE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What did Murray (1938) name the external stimuli that affect motive strength

A

Press

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Who created the TAT?

A

Murray and Morgan 1935

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

When you project your motives into a fantasy?

A

Apperception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

When you attach a narrative to an image, and that narrative is analysed for patterns that may suggest underlying motives?

A

TAT - Thematic Apperception Test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

In motive study - what did McClelland discover about deprivation?

A

Deprivation is not the only way to create a stronger motive for an object or experience. Increased experienced may indicate the importance/relevance of the motive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the broader name for the testing occurring in the TAT?

A

Picture story exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

In McClelland and Atkinson’s study of the need for achievement - who would be more likely to choose an extremely difficult task?

A

People with low need for achievement- the cost of failure is lower so they may as well try.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What style of questions would a person with a high need for a achievement want to answer?

A

Moderate level questions - McClelland and Atkinson found that people with high need for achievement worked harder on moderate level questions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Who tested the types of problems people with various levels of achievement would be attracted to answering? And what is the theory behind the choice of people with a high need for achievement?

A

Trope (1975)

People with high need for achievement may chose questions of moderate difficulty because it provides useful feedback about their ability, which an easy or very hard question would not do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

In Elder and Maclnnis’ 1983 study, what did they find about how need for achievement manifested in women?

A

Achievement was measured by how they saw themselves in the world. Mother/carrer/etc.

More diverse than men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

David Winter (1974) studied what?

A

Motive - need for power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What happens to estradiol levels in women with high power motivation post-win? What veritable mitigates the effect?

A

Similar to testosterone in men with high need for power, estradiol increases after a win in women with high need for power.

This effect is lower if they are taking oral contraceptives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What variable affects the pro-social effects of Need for Power

A

Levels of responsibility-
high responsibility + NFP = conscientious

Low responsibility + NFP = anti social behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

In the list of needs in the Motive Theory, What two are closely related?
Studied by Dan McAdams

A

Need for intimacy
Need for affiliation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What Need does the need for intimacy not co-function well with?

A

Need for power - people high in both are often poorly adjusted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is a the hybrid need called combining low need for affiliation and high need for power?

A

Inhibited power motivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Which combination of traits (hybrid trait) is associated with going to war?

A

Low agreeableness, high Need for power

Inhibited power motivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What did McClelland say was the difference between need and incentive

A

Need strength related to the long-term frequencies of need-relevant actions of any type

Incentive values…relate to choices within that domain of action

I.e a need for power may be found in the home or workplace.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What happens to cortisol levels in people with low need for power after success?

A

Cortisol (stress) levels increase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

According to McAdams and Constanian, what level of correlation is there between need for affiliation and need for intimacy

A

0.58

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Why did the PSE test not correlate well with self report tests?

A

Because there are two types of motives:

Implicit motives - which are unconscious and captured by PSE

And self-reported (explicit) motives - which are what people project about themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

In Woike’s study (1995) reporting experiences over 60 days, what did strength of implicit motives (PSE) correlate with? What did the self repot motive correlate with?

A

Reports of feelings that correlate with the implicit motive

Stories of motive-related events.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Endomorphy
Mésomorphy
Ectomorphy

A
  • plump - soft and round
  • muscular - rectangular
  • think - delicate - frail
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Who used the categories of Endo, Mésom, and Ectomorphy to create a theory of personality?

A

W H Sheldon 1942

66
Q

Who created the term “temperament” in 1984 to refer to inherited personality trait present at birth?

A

Arnold Buss & Robert Plomin

67
Q

Which 3 temperaments did Arnold Buss and Robert Plomin identify in their studies?

A

Activity level
Sociability
Emotionality

68
Q

What did Mary Rothbart argue for in the late 90s?

A

That temperament was best thought of along the dimensions of approach rewards and avoid threats

69
Q

What is the name of the “3rd” temperament?

A

Effortful control

70
Q

Is there evidence the big 5 are heritable?

A

Yes, consistent evidence of heritability

71
Q

Which temperaments do Extraversion and Neuroticism pair with?

A

Approach temperament

Avoidance temperament

72
Q

When there are differences in monoZ twins due to different experiences?

A

Non-shared environment effect

73
Q

What are the different patterns of DNA called?

A

Alleles

74
Q

What is the existence of a difference in DNA at an Allele called?

A

Polymorphism

75
Q

What is it called when different people have the same allele patters?

A

Genotype

76
Q

What is the difference between Quantitive Genetics and Molecular Genetics?

A

QG- twin studies, trying to establish heritability based on variation in behaviour independent of shared environment

MG- the study of location of a particular gene and associated mesurable differences

77
Q

What is Candidate Gene Strategy in the Molecular Genetic study of personality?

A

The identification of a series of genes for investigation based on the assumed relationship with biological functions which have an assumed relationship with personality

78
Q

Why are Candidate Gene Studies being rejected in favour of other research methods? What research method is being favoured?

A

Single genes are seldom responsible for a behaviour. More often, it is multiple genes that have an affect.

Researching single genes has been shown to produce false positives.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in which the entire genome is studied for patterns is now favoured.

79
Q

What is GxE?

A

Gene x environment

A formulation of how genes and environment interact differently

80
Q

What is methylation?

A

The attachment of methyl chemicals to the promoter region (the ON switch)

More methylation means LESS gene expression.

Methylation gums up the ON switch.

81
Q

What term is given to the shift of gene expression due to environment? Ie methylation?

A

Epigenetics

82
Q

Evolution in which one extreme of a dimension is more adaptive than the other

A

Directional selection

83
Q

What theory of evolution maintains genetic variability?

A

Stabilising selection

84
Q

Stebelising selection

A

When behaviours are selected that are more moderate

85
Q

What is the term given for the evolutionary imputes to select for the gene pool and not the individual?

A

Inclusive fitness

86
Q

What was Rushton known for?

A

Genetic similarity theory

87
Q

When people select their mates based on particular characteristics (often suggesting genetic similarity) is called?

A

Assortative mating

88
Q

Ego work on which principle?

A

Reality principle

89
Q

Id works on which principle?

A

Pleasure principle

90
Q

What process does the ID use?

A

Primary-process (primitive and seperate from reality)

91
Q

What process does the Ego use?

A

Secondary-process (reality principle)

Adaptive to reality

92
Q

What are the two facets of the Superego?

A

Ego ideal - moral perfection
Conscience - behaviours that are considered bad

93
Q

Which of Freud’s topographical facets manages the others?

A

Ego - once the Superego develops, the Ego manages the ID, superego and reality

94
Q

What are the two instincts of the ID

A

Life instincts - sexual pleasure and self-preservation

Death instincts - self-destructive often agressive

95
Q

What are the differences between reality anxiety, Neurotic Anxiety and Moral anxiety?

A

Reality - fear of a threat in the world
neurotic - fear the impulses of the ID will get out of control
moral anxiety - fear of violating the superego’s moral code

96
Q

What are the classic defence mechanisms? RPRIDS

A

Repression - forcing Id instincts out of consciousness

Projection - attributing an unacceptable impulse to someone else

Rationalisation- developing a rational but incorrect explanation for your action

Intellectualisation - separating thoughts and feeling, only allowing thoughts into consciousness

Displacement - shifting an impulse from one target to another (usually a safer one)

Sublimation - transforming an unacceptable impulse into an acceptable one

97
Q

What are the psychosexual stages and their anxieties?

A

Oral - weaning
Anal - toilet training
Phallic - Oedipal and Electra - sexual attraction to parent
Latent - no anxiety
genital - sexuality shifts from selfish narcissism to mutual sharing

98
Q

What did Freud call memory?

A

Preconscious

99
Q

According to Freud, what principle, and system govern the need for food and sex

A

Pleasure principle.

ID - structural model

100
Q

What would the Freud’s Primary Process create in response to being hungry?

A

An image of food

101
Q

In Freud’s Primary Process, an image is created in the mind to satisfy a need, say, a BBC, what it the term for this image?

A

Wish fulfilment

102
Q

Which of Freud’s system navigates reality and the primarily desires?

A

The reality principle - EGO

103
Q

When the ego works to control the impulses of the ID and find an appropriate object/circumstance to meet the need in accordance with social/reality demands?

A

Secondary Process

104
Q

What is the process of internalising the desires of parents, society in the development of the superego

A

Introjection

105
Q

What are the two facets of the superego?

A

Ego Ideal - best possible performace - the things your strive for

Conscience - what your parents/society would punish - the things you avoid

106
Q

What is the second and important function of the superego?

A

To force the ego to act morally, not rationally

107
Q

What is the term used to describe the ego’s ability to manage conflicting impulses from the Id and superego

A

Ego strength

108
Q

What model of motives describes the building up of a need, such as thirst, until it must be met?

A

Hydraulic

109
Q

What is the name for one of the two drives which combines life and sexual instincts?

A

Eros

110
Q

What is Thanatos?

A

Death drive - we all want to return to death - Freud

111
Q

What is the biological correlate for Thanatos?

A

The gene-directed suicide process called apoptosis.

Designed to kill cancer cells, skin cells etc

112
Q

In Freud’s theory of defence mechanisms, X deals with threat from within the mind
Y deals with threat form external circumstances

A

Repression
Denial

113
Q

Which if Freud’s defence mechanisms is applied here:
You didn’t get a part in a movie and felt a sense of failure

You say to yourself “the acting world is so superficial. It’s not for me…”

A

Rationalisation

114
Q

Which defence mechanism?

A person is diagnosed with cancer and they focus all of their attention on new research and possible cures

A

Intellectualisation

115
Q

Which defence mechanism?

Sarah Silverman: “you just need to refocus the addiction… there is this cheese…”

A

Displacement

116
Q

Which defence mechanism:

The psychopath become a surgeon

The colonialist becomes a psychologist

A

Sublimation

117
Q

What happens when a child doesn’t overcome the conflict of some of the psychosexual stages?

A

Thé become fixated with the corresponding erogenous zone

118
Q

During the Oedipal stage, the fear of the father’s retaliation is called?

A

Castration Anxiety

119
Q

What do girls and boys do in response to either castration anxiety or penis envy?

A

Identification with the person they fear (father for boys, mother for girls)

To display behaviours that will be inline with the threatening person

120
Q

What is the “plot” of the dream?

What is the “meaning” of the dream?

A

Manifest Content

Latent Content

121
Q

What did John Exner produce?

A

The most used Rorschach test assessment

122
Q

Part of the Neoanalyitic group, Robert white proposed the Efectance Motivation - what part of Freud’s model did this address, and what was the motive it adresses?

A

Ego

Motive to have an effect on your surroundings

123
Q

Robert White’s Effectance Motive evolves into _________ motive after early childhood. It represents a desire not only to have an impact, but to be______?

A

A. Competence
B. Effectual

124
Q

Alfred Alder (another ego psychologist) thought there was a push and pull between feelings of _______ and ______. This struggle created the Great _____ ______

A

A.inferiority
B. Superiority
C. Great upward drive

125
Q

According to Block & Block, what is ego control and ego resiliency

A

Ego control - either under control/over control

Ego resiliency - the ability to shift levels of control depending on the situation

126
Q

According to Margret Mahler - and object relation theorists - what is the period called when the child is fused with the mother

A

Symbiosis

127
Q

According to Mahler - the object relation theorist - what is the period called when the child begins to draw distinction between their own body and their mother’s?

A

Separation-individuation

128
Q

In Mahler’s object relation theory, what happens if the mother does not provide enough attention during the separation-individuation phase?

A

Separation anxiety

129
Q

Object relation - the establishing of a schéma of relation with another person - occurs with the mother at what age?

A

Approx. 3 yo

130
Q

An object relation theorist - Heinz Kohut - developed which theory which posits that the self is developed by relationships with others?

A

Self Psychology

131
Q

Kohut - the object relation neoanalyist - thinks that a person thinks about an object in narcissistic terms, particularly children who are made to feel like they are the centre of the universe. What is the term given to the object in this theory?

A

Selfobject

132
Q

How does object relation theory differ from Freuds theory of impulses?

A

That people are primarily motivated by need to relate to others - not satisfaction of sexual drives

133
Q

What need does Kohut’s Mirroring satisfy in the child

A

The child’s narcissistic need - it makes the child temporarily the centre of the universe

134
Q

In object relation theory, what is Transference

A

The application of the model of object relations established with parents to new object (people)

135
Q

What are the three defining features of attachment?

A

Proximity maintenance - stay close
Safe heaven - comfort
Secure base - from which to explore

136
Q

Mary Ainsworth created a procedure to test attachment style - what is it called and what were the displays of the versions attachement styles

A

Strange Situation
Secure - sad when mother left - happy when it returned
Ambivalent- clingy very upset when she left - angry when mother returned
Avoidant - call when mother left, ignored her when she returned

137
Q

What is the AAI and how does it differ from self-report in results

A

Adult Attachment Interview

Self-report thought to indicate quality of relationship in high stress

AAI Is thought to indicate quality of relationship in low or high stress

138
Q

Bartholomew & Horowitz extended Bowlby’s notion of attachment style - what model did they create. What were the measurements

A

Model

(Horizontal)
positive self vs negative self

(Vertical)
Positive view others vs negative view of others

The outcomes are called Anxiety & avoidance

139
Q

While Freud proposed that personality was related to childhood development, Erik Erickson favoured a longer model called__________ ?

A

Life-span development

140
Q

What is the central theme to Erik Ericsson’s theory?

A

Ego identity - the consciously experienced sense of self derived from transactions with social reality

141
Q

If one fails a period of Erickson’s developmental stages they feel _______

If they succeed they feel _________

A

Inadequacy

Competence

142
Q

What does Erik Erickson think is experienced at each stage of development?

A

Psychosocial Crisis or Conflict

143
Q

What were the three terms Erickson used to an orientation to a positive outcome after negotiating one of the “crises” during one of the stages of development?

A

Ego strength
Ego quality
Virtue

144
Q

What are Erickson’s first four stages and the associated crises?

A

Infancy - trust vs mistrust
Early childhood (2-3) - autonomy vs doubt and shame
Preschool (3-5) - initiate vs guilt
School age (6-11) - industry vs inferiority

145
Q

In the first of Erickson’s stages, developing trust creates the ego strength _____

A

Hope

146
Q

What is the ego strength of successful negotiation of the second stage - early childhood - autonomy vs shame and guilt

A

Will

147
Q

Preschool (3-5 yo) is Erickson’s third stage, the successful negotiation of this stage tending towards initiative rather than guilt will create the ego strength________?

A

Purpose

148
Q

Successfully negotiating Erickson’s 4th stage - school age (5-11) - industry vs inferiority - creates the ego strength______?

A

Competence

149
Q

What is the crisis of the adolescent stage?

A

Identity vs role confusion

150
Q

What is the virtue to emerge if one is able to negotiate the identity/role confusion crisis of adolescence?

A

Fidelity

151
Q

What is the crisis of young adulthood (20s)? Erik Erickson

A

Intimacy/isolation

152
Q

What is the ego quality associated with negotiation of the crisis intimacy/isolation in young adulthood?

A

Love

153
Q

What is the crisis of adulthood (late 20s - 60s) Erik Erickson

A

Generativity/stagnation

154
Q

Ego quality/strength/virtue to emerge from the successful negotiation of Erickson’s adult-stage crisis, generativity/stagnation?

A

Care

155
Q

What is the crisis for Erickson’s final stage, old age? (60s plus)

A

Integrity vs despair

156
Q

What is the ego quality/strength/virtue to arise from a successful negotiation of Erickson’s final stage, old age and the crisis integrity vs despair

A

Wisdom

157
Q

Erickson arranged his theory according to a principle that, thanks to a blueprint, a single cell can be come complex organism ie all of the necessary information for the evolution and growth exists within the cell - he applied this to his theory of personality development. What was it called?

A

Epigenesis

158
Q

Apart from Erickson, there was another theorist, Dan McAdams whofocused on the idea that one event led to another as if a blueprint was created by experiences - what was the model he used?

A

Narratives - every life has a story, and like a books early chapters foreshadow later events

159
Q

McAdams Narrative theory has identified two patterns related to success or contentment in later life - what were they?

A

Commitment stories - often of people acknowledging their advantages and working towards pro social goals

Redemption themes - in which a bad situation turns out well

Contamination themes - in which a good situation turns out badly

160
Q

Atikison ans Birch suggested that motives are dynamic, in that they change, can be exhausted, and so will have varying effect on behaviour. I.e someone with a high need for achievement may be in a situation which satisfies the need, the theory goes that the next time they are presented with an opportunity for achievement, their motive intensity would be reduced and not cross the threshold for behaviour. When viewing this phenomenon on a serious Of responses, when the behavioural reaction (TAT -fantasy perhaps) it looks like a __________

A

Sawtooth

161
Q

A theory for why the TAT doesnt l provide consistant results is that motives are not expressed uniformly, that many stories (30% according to Murray) are “chaff” unrelated to motive and psychologically irrelevant.

This theory is called the Stochastic _____-____ Apperception Theory

A

Drop-out

162
Q

Is there evidence for the validity of TAT

A

Yes - William Spangler completed a meta analysis and found correlation with Achievement behaviours - career success etc. With TAT scores

Psych Personality (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions