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Cognitive Flashcards

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1
Q

George Kelly (1955) foreshadowed the cognitive approach to personality psychology. He thought that we develop a set of ideas, models which organise and simplify input to the brain. He called these_______ ________?

A

Personal constructs

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2
Q

A cognitive psychology approach to organising recurrences of similar qualities are called?

A

Schémas

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3
Q

In schema theory, there are two approaches to the model - the best possible example - of the particular category of things that the schema is related to. What are these two models?

A

Prototype - an imagined best possible version of the category - my imagined chocolate bar with whole hazelnuts and praline

Exemplar - known superior version within the category - Lindt whole hazelnut/ Guillan shells

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4
Q

What is it called when the schema doesn’t accurately capture all the features of the category - I.e shoes have laces - what about boots, sandales, etc??

A

Fuzzy set

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5
Q

According to schéma theory, will you be more likely to remember examples that confirm or challenge the model you have created?

A

Confirm - the schéma will look for confirmation to firm up the model.

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6
Q

What is it called when you use the schéma to fill in missing information in a story - Ie. “Peter got dressed” - we assume he put on pants, probably underpants, socks etc… you apply a script to others

A

Default - the baseline model of a category based on memory

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7
Q

Schéma theory - type of memory organisation that groups things together by meaning - if you say “Jock” I will have a sense of what that means - will often incorporate feeling attached to the meaning - sexy/dangerous

A

Semantic Memory

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8
Q

Schéma theory - organisation of memory which incorporates time - period at high school. Time it took to run away from homeless man with a pole - and how that fit into the night out with Spiros, Jon and Geoff

A

Episodic Memory

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9
Q

Schéma theory - organisation of memory in which you have experienced enough of the category of things - say, doing the laundry, going to a restaurant - that you develop a prototype of the event, including actions, time taken etc.

A

Script

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10
Q

Are semantic or episodic schéma more important?

A

Neither - they cofunction.

Conceptual models (semantic) build with more experiences (episodic)

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11
Q

Schéma theory - there are also structures about how people preform tasks (mental, physical etc eg: Campbell created an assessment form for the new program - ie he established the risks and aims of the project to endure the assessment captured this information. What is this called?

A

Procedural knowledge

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12
Q

What is the category of schéma that would dictate gender roles, social situations etc?

A

Social cognitions

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13
Q

What is the schéma that is similar to self-concept (but different) ie, it is a model for the self - how you will behave in certain situations, what you like, why, what your traumas are etc?

A

Self-schema

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14
Q

Which is the most developed schéma?

A

Self-schema - more emotional info. Mixture of trait categories and concrete information

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15
Q

Some people have differing layers of self-schema, some people have many facets, which cover varying aspects of their lives - relationships/work/sport/aesthetics etc while others have à brader self-schéma. What is the term which defines this

A

Self-complexity

High self-complexity

Low self-complexity

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16
Q

When you (Toto) get upset about your life in general when you fail at a particular task you are demonstrating what sort of self-complexity

A

Low. Low. Low.

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17
Q

Self-complexity is such because we have different versions of ourselves- one for work - one for home etc. One idealised, one worst possible version… what is this called?

A

Possible Selves

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18
Q

In the Entity vs Incremental model, entity being a strict category like “I am smart” vs incremental “I am learning” - according to Carol Dweck, what is the name given to the different approaches?

A

Mindsets

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19
Q

In the entity vs incremental model, which would become frustrated if they fail to perform as expected?

A

Entity - “I am smart” is totally demolished if you fail an exam…

20
Q

I’m the Entity vs incremental model of categorisation, which mindset is most likely to remember cues of change?

A

Incremental

Entity - remembers cues of consistency

21
Q

What is the schéma that informs about WHY something is happening? It is raining because = condensation has collected in the clouds. Mum is homophobic because = her own lack of freedom has manifested in conventional and oppressive thinking

A

Attribution

22
Q

Bernie Weiner (bad luck Weiner) thinks that Attribution is particularly important for self-assessment of good or bad outcomes - he proposes that the assessment takes place by assessing 4 either internal or external factors - what are these? And which are internal, which are external?

A

Internal - ability, effort

External - chance, task difficulty

23
Q

Memories are not stored like little files, there is not enough capacity in the brain. Instead there are networks - bits of information related to semantic memory are linked, bits of information related to episodic, script and attribution are linked. What are the areas of storage called?

A

Nodes

24
Q

What is the process of partially activating memory so that it is easier to access? I.e you show someone a series of words about a hostility, then later ask them to interpret someone’s actions and they are more likely to interpret them as hostile

A

Priming

25
Q

In priming, if you prime for Humour, would this affect the interpretation of athletic ability?

Would it affect your ratings of someone who was not funny?

A

No - priming is subject-specific

Yes - they would be seen as less funny - priming will activate the full assessment apparatus

26
Q

Are there social, experiential affects on priming?

A

Yes, one’s upbringing will affect priming - If you’re gay, and have lived with disgust from a parent, you will be more likely to interpret ambiguous emotions from people as disgust

27
Q

Do primes have to be conscious? If not, what are they called?

A

No, sun-conscious primes work.

They are called Subliminal primes

28
Q

Given the effect of subliminal primes, cognitive researchers have begun to talk about the unconscious, but not the psychodynamic unconscious, but the ______ unconscious

A

Cognitive

29
Q

What is the term model of processing uses the neuronal process as a métaphore for cognitive processes - it is used because the nervous system processes information simultaneously along different pathways.

A

Connectionism

30
Q

In connectionism, a network pattern is ultimately established. There are limitations on the patterns because there are inhibitory interactions between areas of the brain. What is the term given for this “negotiation”?

A

Simultaneously satisfies multiple constraints

31
Q

Smolensky (1988) proposed a model which combines symbol-processing and connectionist approaches. What is it called

A

Duel-processing

32
Q

Epstein also proposed a model which has two systems, similar to Smolensky. It assumed there is a rational System that is conscious and Experiential system that is intuitive and below consciousness. What is this called

A

Cognitive-experiential self-theory

33
Q

Metcalfe ans mischel (1999) also have a duel-processing system. The emotional, reflexive, fast and the slower and more strategic. How are these domains named?

A

Hot - emo - connectionist manner of processing

Cool - strategic

34
Q

What are implicit and explicit knowledge often different?

A

Implicit - formed through classical conditioning and instrumental learning

Explicit - formed through language, culture etc

35
Q

Walter Mischel created a model with a long name that represents mths different facets of the personality that are affected by learning. What is it called?

A

Cognitive-social learning person variables

36
Q

What are Mischel personality variables?

A

Competency

Encoding strategies and personal constructs

Expectancy (how the encoding/constructs create expectations &
Behaviour-outcome expectancy)

Subjective values - what does the person want to produce 

Self-regulatory systems and plans

37
Q

In 1995 Mischel extended his theory with Shoda to include, cognition and______

A

Affect / recognising that emotional have a deep impact on cognition, schemas and personality

38
Q

In Mischel and Shoda’s cognitive-affective model, what is the calculation that is created by schemas?

A

If = then

A series of expectations about behaviour, emotional réponses, others personalities

39
Q

In Mischel and Shoda’s cognitive-affective model, understanding peoples if - then calculations is termed under ding their _________ __________

A

Behavioural Signature

40
Q

There is some evidence of particular neurons which show a connection to perception/cognition Ie watching someone, hearing something, activates areas in the brain associated with doing the thing. What are these called?

A

Mirror neurons

41
Q

What do Allowed Approaches test in cognitive testing?

A

What thoughts occur at what stage of processing. It shows the strategies of thought employed

42
Q

When a cognitive psychologist is requesting someone to record how they feel in relations to various actions though out the day.

A

Experience sampling

43
Q

When you’re asked to record emotion patterns, behaviours etc.

A

Event recording

44
Q

What does Beck call the outcome of a negatively bias schéma in depression

A

Automatic thoughts “I can’t do this…”

45
Q

Beck goes into more detail about a negative schéma in depression, what does he call the three factors?

A

Cognitive triad

Negative thoughts about the self, world and future

46
Q

What does Beck call the therapeutic process of shifting negative schemas

A

Cognitive restructuring

Reframing

Psych Personality (13 decks)

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