Cognitive Flashcards
George Kelly (1955) foreshadowed the cognitive approach to personality psychology. He thought that we develop a set of ideas, models which organise and simplify input to the brain. He called these_______ ________?
Personal constructs
A cognitive psychology approach to organising recurrences of similar qualities are called?
Schémas
In schema theory, there are two approaches to the model - the best possible example - of the particular category of things that the schema is related to. What are these two models?
Prototype - an imagined best possible version of the category - my imagined chocolate bar with whole hazelnuts and praline
Exemplar - known superior version within the category - Lindt whole hazelnut/ Guillan shells
What is it called when the schema doesn’t accurately capture all the features of the category - I.e shoes have laces - what about boots, sandales, etc??
Fuzzy set
According to schéma theory, will you be more likely to remember examples that confirm or challenge the model you have created?
Confirm - the schéma will look for confirmation to firm up the model.
What is it called when you use the schéma to fill in missing information in a story - Ie. “Peter got dressed” - we assume he put on pants, probably underpants, socks etc… you apply a script to others
Default - the baseline model of a category based on memory
Schéma theory - type of memory organisation that groups things together by meaning - if you say “Jock” I will have a sense of what that means - will often incorporate feeling attached to the meaning - sexy/dangerous
Semantic Memory
Schéma theory - organisation of memory which incorporates time - period at high school. Time it took to run away from homeless man with a pole - and how that fit into the night out with Spiros, Jon and Geoff
Episodic Memory
Schéma theory - organisation of memory in which you have experienced enough of the category of things - say, doing the laundry, going to a restaurant - that you develop a prototype of the event, including actions, time taken etc.
Script
Are semantic or episodic schéma more important?
Neither - they cofunction.
Conceptual models (semantic) build with more experiences (episodic)
Schéma theory - there are also structures about how people preform tasks (mental, physical etc eg: Campbell created an assessment form for the new program - ie he established the risks and aims of the project to endure the assessment captured this information. What is this called?
Procedural knowledge
What is the category of schéma that would dictate gender roles, social situations etc?
Social cognitions
What is the schéma that is similar to self-concept (but different) ie, it is a model for the self - how you will behave in certain situations, what you like, why, what your traumas are etc?
Self-schema
Which is the most developed schéma?
Self-schema - more emotional info. Mixture of trait categories and concrete information
Some people have differing layers of self-schema, some people have many facets, which cover varying aspects of their lives - relationships/work/sport/aesthetics etc while others have à brader self-schéma. What is the term which defines this
Self-complexity
High self-complexity
Low self-complexity
When you (Toto) get upset about your life in general when you fail at a particular task you are demonstrating what sort of self-complexity
Low. Low. Low.
Self-complexity is such because we have different versions of ourselves- one for work - one for home etc. One idealised, one worst possible version… what is this called?
Possible Selves
In the Entity vs Incremental model, entity being a strict category like “I am smart” vs incremental “I am learning” - according to Carol Dweck, what is the name given to the different approaches?
Mindsets
In the entity vs incremental model, which would become frustrated if they fail to perform as expected?
Entity - “I am smart” is totally demolished if you fail an exam…
I’m the Entity vs incremental model of categorisation, which mindset is most likely to remember cues of change?
Incremental
Entity - remembers cues of consistency
What is the schéma that informs about WHY something is happening? It is raining because = condensation has collected in the clouds. Mum is homophobic because = her own lack of freedom has manifested in conventional and oppressive thinking
Attribution
Bernie Weiner (bad luck Weiner) thinks that Attribution is particularly important for self-assessment of good or bad outcomes - he proposes that the assessment takes place by assessing 4 either internal or external factors - what are these? And which are internal, which are external?
Internal - ability, effort
External - chance, task difficulty
Memories are not stored like little files, there is not enough capacity in the brain. Instead there are networks - bits of information related to semantic memory are linked, bits of information related to episodic, script and attribution are linked. What are the areas of storage called?
Nodes
What is the process of partially activating memory so that it is easier to access? I.e you show someone a series of words about a hostility, then later ask them to interpret someone’s actions and they are more likely to interpret them as hostile
Priming
In priming, if you prime for Humour, would this affect the interpretation of athletic ability?
Would it affect your ratings of someone who was not funny?
No - priming is subject-specific
Yes - they would be seen as less funny - priming will activate the full assessment apparatus
Are there social, experiential affects on priming?
Yes, one’s upbringing will affect priming - If you’re gay, and have lived with disgust from a parent, you will be more likely to interpret ambiguous emotions from people as disgust
Do primes have to be conscious? If not, what are they called?
No, sun-conscious primes work.
They are called Subliminal primes
Given the effect of subliminal primes, cognitive researchers have begun to talk about the unconscious, but not the psychodynamic unconscious, but the ______ unconscious
Cognitive
What is the term model of processing uses the neuronal process as a métaphore for cognitive processes - it is used because the nervous system processes information simultaneously along different pathways.
Connectionism
In connectionism, a network pattern is ultimately established. There are limitations on the patterns because there are inhibitory interactions between areas of the brain. What is the term given for this “negotiation”?
Simultaneously satisfies multiple constraints
Smolensky (1988) proposed a model which combines symbol-processing and connectionist approaches. What is it called
Duel-processing
Epstein also proposed a model which has two systems, similar to Smolensky. It assumed there is a rational System that is conscious and Experiential system that is intuitive and below consciousness. What is this called
Cognitive-experiential self-theory
Metcalfe ans mischel (1999) also have a duel-processing system. The emotional, reflexive, fast and the slower and more strategic. How are these domains named?
Hot - emo - connectionist manner of processing
Cool - strategic
What are implicit and explicit knowledge often different?
Implicit - formed through classical conditioning and instrumental learning
Explicit - formed through language, culture etc
Walter Mischel created a model with a long name that represents mths different facets of the personality that are affected by learning. What is it called?
Cognitive-social learning person variables
What are Mischel personality variables?
Competency
Encoding strategies and personal constructs
Expectancy (how the encoding/constructs create expectations &
Behaviour-outcome expectancy)
Subjective values - what does the person want to produce 
Self-regulatory systems and plans
In 1995 Mischel extended his theory with Shoda to include, cognition and______
Affect / recognising that emotional have a deep impact on cognition, schemas and personality
In Mischel and Shoda’s cognitive-affective model, what is the calculation that is created by schemas?
If = then
A series of expectations about behaviour, emotional réponses, others personalities
In Mischel and Shoda’s cognitive-affective model, understanding peoples if - then calculations is termed under ding their _________ __________
Behavioural Signature
There is some evidence of particular neurons which show a connection to perception/cognition Ie watching someone, hearing something, activates areas in the brain associated with doing the thing. What are these called?
Mirror neurons
What do Allowed Approaches test in cognitive testing?
What thoughts occur at what stage of processing. It shows the strategies of thought employed
When a cognitive psychologist is requesting someone to record how they feel in relations to various actions though out the day.
Experience sampling
When you’re asked to record emotion patterns, behaviours etc.
Event recording
What does Beck call the outcome of a negatively bias schéma in depression
Automatic thoughts “I can’t do this…”
Beck goes into more detail about a negative schéma in depression, what does he call the three factors?
Cognitive triad
Negative thoughts about the self, world and future
What does Beck call the therapeutic process of shifting negative schemas
Cognitive restructuring
Reframing
