week 6: respiratory physiology: structure and function

Question 1

what is the respiraoty system

Answer 1

network of organs and tissues that helps us to breath
airways, lungs, blood vessels, respiratory muscles
collectively work toghether to move ox around body and remove waste products

Question 2

functions of respiratory system (7)

Answer 2

-respiration
-speech and smell
-warms and humidifies atmospheric air to match body temp
-protects airways form harmful substances
-contributes to acid base balance in blood
-enhances venous return by respiratory pump
-activates certain plasma proteins as they pass through pulmonary circulation

Question 3

respiratory function can be divided into

Answer 3

external respiration
internal (cellular) respiration

Question 4

external respiration 4 components

Answer 4

1. pulmonary ventilation
2. gas exchange between lungs and blood
3. O2 and CO2 transport in blood
4. gas exchange: systematic tissues and blood

Question 5

pulmonary ventilation

Answer 5

movement of air into and out of lungs
inspiration and expiration
occurs as a result of bulk flow

Question 6

gas exchange betweens lung and blood occurs via

Answer 6

diffusion

Question 7

what does internal (cellular) respiration involve

Answer 7

using O2 withing mitochondria to generate ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

Question 8

inspiratory capacity

Answer 8

tidal vol+ inspiratory reserve vol

Question 9

functional residual capacity

Answer 9

expiratory reserve vol+ residual volume

Question 10

vital capacity

Answer 10

tidal vol+ inspiratory reserve + expiratory reserve

Question 11

total lung capacity

Answer 11

vital capacity+ residual capacity

Question 12

hyperpnea

Answer 12

an increase in ventilation to meet an increase in the metabolic demands of the body

Question 13

dyspnoea

Answer 13

laboured or difficult breathing

Question 14

apnoea

Answer 14

temporary cessation of breathing

Question 15

tachypnoea

Answer 15

rapid, shallow breathing

Question 16

hyperventilation

Answer 16

a condition in which ventilation exceeds the metabolic demands of the body

Question 17

hypoventilation

Answer 17

a condition in which ventilation is insufficient to meet the metabolic demands of the body

Question 18

hypoxia

Answer 18

a deficiency of oxygen in the tissues

Question 19

hypoxemia

Answer 19

a deficiency of oxygen in the blood

Question 20

hypercapnia

Answer 20

an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood

Question 21

hypocapnia

Answer 21

a deficiency of carbon dioxide in the blood

Question 22

extra-thoracic airways refer to airways

Answer 22

upper airways-outside of chest

Question 23

intra-thoracic airways refers to airways

Answer 23

inside the chest

Question 24

upper airways key function

Answer 24

warm, moisten and filters air as it travels through mouth and via naval passages

Question 25

upper airways refers to air passages in

Answer 25

head and neck

Question 26

conducting zone

Answer 26

functions to conduct air from larynx to lungs upper airway, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, smaller bronchioles, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

Question 27

respiratory zone

Answer 27

site of gas exchnane

Question 28

inner diameter as you move down conducting zone

Answer 28

decreases

Question 29

reason for abudance of cartillage in larynx and trachea

Answer 29

upper airway needs high proportion of cartillage to prevent collapsing

Question 30

bronchioles and terminal bronchioles and cartilage

Answer 30

do not contain any, makes them capable of collapsing, therefore they contain elastic fibers to prevent

Question 31

conducting zone lined with

Answer 31

epilthelium

Question 32

function of epithelium of conducting zone

Answer 32

acts as protective barrier, secretes and absorbs substances

Question 33

function of epithelium lining larynx and trachea (and bronchi to less extent)

Answer 33

contain goblet cells and ciliated cells

Question 34

goblet cells

Answer 34

secrete mucus coats airways and acts to trap foreign particles in inhaled air

Question 35

ciliated cells

Answer 35

hair like projection of ciliated cells beat together to propel mucus containing trapped particles towards glottis and pharynx- mucus escalator prevents mucus build up in airways

Question 36

build up of mucus in airways increases likelihood of

Answer 36

respiratory tract infection as it promotes growth of bacteria

Question 37

cilia are paralysed by

Answer 37

cigarette smoke

Question 38

at levels below bronchi, foreign matter engulfed by

Answer 38

macrophages engulf in interstitial space and surface of epithelium

Question 39

wall of alveolus

Answer 39

single layer of epithelia cells - type 1 alveoli cells overlying basement membrane

Question 40

fused basement membrane between alveolar epithelial cells and endothelial cells of capillaries

Answer 40

in many places in lungs alveolar epithelial cells and endothelial cells of capillaries are so close together their basement membrane fuse together

Question 41

respiratory membrane

Answer 41

capillary and alveolar walls form barrier

Question 42

respiratory membrane function

Answer 42

separates air from blood 0.5micrometres thick- essential for efficient gas exchange

Question 43

number of alveoli in human

Answer 43

3 million in a lung 100 square metre surface area

Question 44

type 2 alveoli cells and alveolar macrophages

Answer 44

engulf foreign particles/ pathogens inhaled into lungs

Question 45

dead macrophages are removed from alveolar

Answer 45

into conducting zone, swallowed with mucus

Question 46

chest wall

Answer 46

composed of structures that act and work together to protect lung ribcage, sternum, thoracic verterbrae, associated respiratory muscles and connective tissues

Question 47

each lug surrounded by separate

Answer 47

plueral sac

Question 48

pleura composed of

Answer 48

layer of epithelial cells and connective tissue

Question 49

visceral pleura

Answer 49

pleural sac attached to lung tissue

Question 50

parietal pleura

Answer 50

pleural sac attached to chest wall

Question 51

between visceral and parietal pleura

Answer 51

intrapleural space contains intrapleural fluid

Question 52

diaphragm is

Answer 52

highly oxidative and fatigue resistant as it is always contracting and relaxing to support pulmonary ventilation

Question 53

expiration during normal, tidal breathing is a

Answer 53

passive process driven by elastic recoil of thoracic wall

Question 54

when does expiration become an active process

Answer 54

increasing respiratory demands