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physiology and anatomy > week 5: cardiac physiology: blood vessels and hemodynamic > Flashcards

week 5: cardiac physiology: blood vessels and hemodynamic Flashcards

1
Q

functions of human vascular network

A

-blood flow
-supply of O2 and nutrients
-removal of metabolic byproducts
-hormonal regulation
-thermal regulation
-immune responses to infection
-fluid balance
-route for infection
-utilised in drug delivery

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2
Q

systemic system

A

oxygenated blood leaves aorta
arteries carry oxygenated blood to tissues
gas exchange occurs by diffusion in capillaries

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3
Q

veinous system

A

deoxygenated blood returned to the right atrium via vena cava

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4
Q

pulmonary system

A

pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to lungs
gas exchange occurs at capillaries surrounding alveolae
pulmonary arteries carry oxygenated blood back to left atrium

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5
Q

how are blood vessels arranged

A

parallel or series depending on location and function

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6
Q

variations in blood pressure occurs due to

A

contractions of heart, ejecting blood out into systemic circulation
systemic: left side
pulmonary: right side

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7
Q

pressure of systemic vs pulmonary system

A

systemic: higher
pulmonary: lower

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8
Q

relationship between total cross sectional area and velocity of flow of blood vessels

A

greater total cross-sectional area= lower velocity of blood flow

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9
Q

blood leaves via aorta to >

A

elastic arteries> muscular arteries > arteriole> continuous capillary

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10
Q

blood passes form continuous capillary back to rhs of heart through

A

fenestrated capillary> venules> medium sized- veins > large veins

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11
Q

windkessel effect

A

recoil of large elastic blood vessels during diastole helps maintain flow even though heart is not actively pumping

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12
Q

3 distinct layers of arteries and veins

A

tunica adventitia
tunica media
tunica intima

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12
Q

tunica adventitia

A

connective tissue- collagen fibres

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12
Q

tunica media

A

smooth muscle and elastin

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13
Q

tunica intima

A

squamous endothelium

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14
Q

what does capillaries only having a single endothelial layer enable

A

efficient bidirectional diffusion of nutrients and metabolites between blood and tissues

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15
Q

walls of arteries

A

thick, muscular and elastic
high pressure, carries blood away from heart, maintains blood flow during idastolic period

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16
Q

vein walls

A

thin and elastic
return blood to heart at low pressure
valves facilitate unidirectional blood flow

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17
Q

major arteries and precapillary arterioles are innervated by

A

sympathetic nerves

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18
Q

what do venules and capillaries not have

A

smooth muscle

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19
Q

are venules and capillaries directly innervated by sympathetic nerves

A

no

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20
Q

fur distinct layers of an artery

A

(lumen)
endothelium (inner lining)
elastic and connective tissue
muscle fibres and elastic
protective outer coat

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21
Q

what does elastic layer of artery allow

A

vessel walls to stretch without tearing in response to increase in pressure
operate at highest blood pressure (80-120mm Hg)

22
Q

atherosclerosis

A

fat and lipid lesions in vessel wall, leads to arterial narrowing and blockage,
reduce or loss of oxygenated blood flow
causes arterial dysfunction

23
Q

how can a blocked coronary artery be repaired

A

insertion of stent by angioplasty
restores oxygenated blood flow

24
Q

what organs have more extensive capillary networks

A

organs with more metabolic requirements
e.g heart, liver

25
Q

pressure over capaillary bed from arteriole end to venule end

A

pressure decreases

26
Q

at any given time, capillary beds hold to ….% of total blood volume

A

25

27
Q

capillary wall

A

endothelial cells surrounded by thin basement membrane

28
Q

feature of continuous capillaries

A

porous
water filled pores

29
Q

continuous capillaries being porous allows

A

exchange between blood and tissues
small, water-soluble substances can pass through pores

30
Q

how can lipid soluble substances pass between blood and tissues
(continuous capillaries)

A

pass through endothelial cells

31
Q

how are exchangeable proteins passed between blood and tissues (continuous capillaries)

A

vesicular transport

32
Q

can plasma proteins cross continuous capillary wall

A

no

33
Q

how do fenestrated capillaires increase their exchange rate

A

larger openings

34
Q

where are fenestrated capillaries found

A

kidneys, small intestine and endocrine glands

35
Q

why is important capillary blood pressure is low

A

capillaries are very fragile
0-10 mmHg

36
Q

what can pulmonary hypertension in lungs lead to

A

damage of capillaries that surround the alveolae

37
Q

layers of veins

A

adventitia
smooth muscle
basement membrane
endothelium
valve
lumen

38
Q

why is muscular later of veins and venules thinner than aerteriole system

A

operate at low pressure 0-10mm Hg

39
Q

venous blood flow during exercise

A

facilitated by intermittent compression due to skeletal muscle contraction

when muscles contract, veins squashed, pushing blood back towards the heart- skeletal muscle pump

40
Q

varicose veins

A

veins become stretched and lose elasticity, valves weaken
blood collects in veins, become swollen and large
underlying causes unclear

41
Q

action of endothelial cells

A

sense and respond to a number of substances and stimuli
responses regulate blood pressure

42
Q

how does the endothelium regulate blood pressure

A

receptor-ligand complexes
activate signal transduction pathways
leads to synthesis of gaseous NO in a process involving L-arginine
NO is second messenger which regulates blood pressure and cell function

43
Q

how does receptor signalling lead to NO synthesis

A

-substances in intravascular compartment interact with receptors on endothelial surface
- activation of receptors lead to signalling cascade, ultimatly induced activation of eNOS
- eNOS hydrolyses L-arginine producing NO and L-citrulline

44
Q

eNOS

A

endothelial nitric oxide synthase

45
Q

VEGF

A

vascular growth factor

46
Q

PIGF

A

placental growth factor

47
Q

Akt

A

serine/ threonine protein kinase

48
Q

qithin pathways

A

Akt
Ca2+

49
Q

a rise in intercellular calcium activates

A

eNOS

50
Q

what can eNOS also be activated by

A

shear stress:
tangential force caused by blood flow acting on the surface of the endothelium

51
Q

shear stress eNOS activation involves

A

Akt or PKA induced phosphorylation

52
Q

how does NO regulate vascular smooth muscle relaxation

A

NO diffuses out of activated endothelium
NO targets soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) in VSMCs
NO stimualtes sGC to convert GTP into cGMP
cGMP binds and activates protein kinase G (PKG)

53
Q

VSMCs

A

vascular smooth muscle cells

54
Q

what does protein kinase G cause

A

VSMC relaxation and reduce blood pressure

55
Q

protein kinase G action

A

PKG phosphorylates and activates myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP)
MLCP de-phosphorylates contractile myosin
causes relaxation of vascular smooth muscle cell
relaxation increases dilation of blood vessel, reducing blood pressure

physiology and anatomy (31 decks)

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