week 4: neurobiology: organisation of nervous system

Question 1

CNS

Answer 1

central nervous system- consists of the brain and spinal cord

Question 2

what takes place in the CNS

Answer 2

analysis of information

Question 3

PNS

Answer 3

peripheral nervous system
consists of neurons and parts of neurones found outside of the CNS

Question 4

what neurones do the PNS include

Answer 4

sensory
motor

Question 5

what do sensory neurones do

Answer 5

bring signals into CNS

Question 6

what do motor neurones do

Answer 6

carry signals out of the CNS (to periphirary)

Question 7

ganglia

Answer 7

group of neuronal cell bodies

Question 8

cerebral cortex

Answer 8

6 layers of folded tissue
processing
vision, hearing, imagination
memory stored

Question 9

what do higher organisms have

Answer 9

more developed cerebral cortex

Question 10

hippocampus

Answer 10

create memories

Question 11

thalamus

Answer 11

responsible for autonomic functions
breathing, digestion etc

Question 12

cerebellum

Answer 12

controls movement

Question 13

spinal chord

Answer 13

base of brain
runs down spinal column in back
relays information out to body
relays info from environment

Question 14

nervous system flow

Answer 14

peripheral NS
central NS

Question 15

afferent neurons

Answer 15

carry information from sensory receptors found in body towards CNS

Question 16

efferent neurones

Answer 16

carry motor information away from the CNS to the muscles and glands of the body

Question 17

two categories of neurons from PNS

Answer 17

motor- take info from brain to target organs
sensory- feed info from skin cells/ organs back to CNS

Question 18

motor system split into

Answer 18

autonomic nervous system
skeletal motor: all neurones that feed into muscles and control movement

Question 19

autonomic nervous system split into

Answer 19

sympathetic
enteric nervous system
parasympathetic

Question 20

enteric NS

Answer 20

combination of sensory and motor neurones
often thought of on its own

Question 21

information into sensory nervous system from

Answer 21

dorsal root ganglia
cranial nerve ganglia

Question 22

how to remember afferent vs efferent

Answer 22

S ensory
A fferetn
M otor
E fferent

Question 23

grey matter

Answer 23

cell bodies, dendrites axon terminal, synapses

Question 24

white matter

Answer 24

myelinated neurons

Question 25

what are nerves made up of

Answer 25

bundles of axons

Question 26

what is each axon

Answer 26

part of a type of single cell- neurone

Question 27

neurone feature : cell body

Answer 27

not always in same place contains nucleus- contains info and encodes all protein

Question 28

neurone features: dendrites

Answer 28

processors extending out from cell body act as sensory processors info flows from dendrites into cell body may initiate AP

Question 29

where is AP initiated

Answer 29

axon hillock

Question 30

where does AP travel from axon hillock

Answer 30

flows away from cell body to synapse

Question 31

because axons are myelinated

Answer 31

electic current down axon jumps between nodes of ranvier

Question 32

where are synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters located

Answer 32

at the synapse

Question 33

when depolarisation reaches synapse

Answer 33

voltage gated calcium channels open calcium causes fusion of synaptic vesicles with cell membrane releases neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft

Question 34

neurotransmitters released into synaptic cleft....

Answer 34

diffuse across cleft bind to receptors on post-synaptic cell generate signal in post synaptic cell

Question 35

how are types of neurones classified

Answer 35

number of processes they have general features

Question 36

anaxonic neuron

Answer 36

more than 2 processes all dendrites- no axon senses surrounding

Question 37

bipolar neuron

Answer 37

two processes separated by the cell body

Question 38

unipolar neuron

Answer 38

single elongated processes, cell body located to side

Question 39

multipolar neuron

Answer 39

more than two processes, single axon and multiple dendrites

Question 40

ependymal cells

Answer 40

line fluid filled passageways within brain and spinal cord line ventricles (brain) and central canal (spinal cord) assist in producing, circulating and montitoring cerebrospinal fluid

Question 41

astrocytes

Answer 41

star shaped cells projections that anchor to capillaries form/ maintain blood-brain barrier blood brain barrier isolates CNS from general circulation provide structural support regulate ion, nutrient and dissolved gas conc absorb and recycle neurotransmitters from scar tissue after injury

Question 42

oligodendrocytes

Answer 42

myelinate CNS axons produce myelin allowing fast flow of info down axons provide structural framework

Question 43

microglia

Answer 43

remove cell debris, wastes and pathogens by phagocytosis (in brain) move through nervous tissue removing unwanted substances

Question 44

instead of astrocytes, the PNS has

Answer 44

satellite cells

Question 45

satellite cells

Answer 45

surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia regulate O2 and CO2, nutrient and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia

Question 46

instead of oliodendricytes, PNS has

Answer 46

Schwann cells

Question 47

schwann cells

Answer 47

surround all axons in PNS responsible for myelination of peripheral axons participate in repair process after injury

Question 48

myelination results in

Answer 48

transmission speed increase due to saltatory trasmission

Question 49

why do not all axons need to be myelinated

Answer 49

transmission speed is not important for all axons

Question 50

larger diameter =

Answer 50

faster transmission

Question 51

why does larger diameter neurons transmit signals faster

Answer 51

larger diameter for flow

Question 52

gaps in myelination

Answer 52

nodes of Ranvier

Question 53

neurotransmitters bind to receptors which are located

Answer 53

on the dendrites of postsynaptic neuron

Question 54

10 steps (end of presentation part 3)