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physiology and anatomy > week 4: neurobiology: organisation of nervous system > Flashcards

week 4: neurobiology: organisation of nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

CNS

A

central nervous system- consists of the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

what takes place in the CNS

A

analysis of information

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3
Q

PNS

A

peripheral nervous system
consists of neurons and parts of neurones found outside of the CNS

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4
Q

what neurones do the PNS include

A

sensory
motor

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5
Q

what do sensory neurones do

A

bring signals into CNS

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6
Q

what do motor neurones do

A

carry signals out of the CNS (to periphirary)

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7
Q

ganglia

A

group of neuronal cell bodies

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8
Q

cerebral cortex

A

6 layers of folded tissue
processing
vision, hearing, imagination
memory stored

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9
Q

what do higher organisms have

A

more developed cerebral cortex

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10
Q

hippocampus

A

create memories

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11
Q

thalamus

A

responsible for autonomic functions
breathing, digestion etc

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12
Q

cerebellum

A

controls movement

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13
Q

spinal chord

A

base of brain
runs down spinal column in back
relays information out to body
relays info from environment

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14
Q

nervous system flow

A

peripheral NS
central NS

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15
Q

afferent neurons

A

carry information from sensory receptors found in body towards CNS

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16
Q

efferent neurones

A

carry motor information away from the CNS to the muscles and glands of the body

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17
Q

two categories of neurons from PNS

A

motor- take info from brain to target organs
sensory- feed info from skin cells/ organs back to CNS

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18
Q

motor system split into

A

autonomic nervous system
skeletal motor: all neurones that feed into muscles and control movement

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19
Q

autonomic nervous system split into

A

sympathetic
enteric nervous system
parasympathetic

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20
Q

enteric NS

A

combination of sensory and motor neurones
often thought of on its own

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21
Q

information into sensory nervous system from

A

dorsal root ganglia
cranial nerve ganglia

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22
Q

how to remember afferent vs efferent

A

S ensory
A fferetn
M otor
E fferent

23
Q

grey matter

A

cell bodies, dendrites axon terminal, synapses

24
Q

white matter

A

myelinated neurons

25
Q

what are nerves made up of

A

bundles of axons

26
Q

what is each axon

A

part of a type of single cell- neurone

27
Q

neurone feature : cell body

A

not always in same place
contains nucleus- contains info and encodes all protein

28
Q

neurone features: dendrites

A

processors extending out from cell body
act as sensory processors
info flows from dendrites into cell body
may initiate AP

29
Q

where is AP initiated

A

axon hillock

30
Q

where does AP travel from axon hillock

A

flows away from cell body to synapse

31
Q

because axons are myelinated

A

electic current down axon jumps between nodes of ranvier

32
Q

where are synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters located

A

at the synapse

33
Q

when depolarisation reaches synapse

A

voltage gated calcium channels open
calcium causes fusion of synaptic vesicles with cell membrane
releases neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft

34
Q

neurotransmitters released into synaptic cleft….

A

diffuse across cleft
bind to receptors on post-synaptic cell
generate signal in post synaptic cell

35
Q

how are types of neurones classified

A

number of processes they have
general features

36
Q

anaxonic neuron

A

more than 2 processes
all dendrites- no axon
senses surrounding

37
Q

bipolar neuron

A

two processes separated by the cell body

38
Q

unipolar neuron

A

single elongated processes, cell body located to side

39
Q

multipolar neuron

A

more than two processes, single axon and multiple dendrites

40
Q

ependymal cells

A

line fluid filled passageways within brain and spinal cord
line ventricles (brain)
and central canal (spinal cord)
assist in producing, circulating and montitoring cerebrospinal fluid

41
Q

astrocytes

A

star shaped cells
projections that anchor to capillaries
form/ maintain blood-brain barrier
blood brain barrier isolates CNS from general circulation
provide structural support
regulate ion, nutrient and dissolved gas conc
absorb and recycle neurotransmitters from scar tissue after injury

42
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

myelinate CNS axons
produce myelin
allowing fast flow of info down axons
provide structural framework

43
Q

microglia

A

remove cell debris, wastes and pathogens by phagocytosis
(in brain)
move through nervous tissue removing unwanted substances

44
Q

instead of astrocytes, the PNS has

A

satellite cells

45
Q

satellite cells

A

surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia
regulate O2 and CO2, nutrient and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia

46
Q

instead of oliodendricytes, PNS has

A

Schwann cells

47
Q

schwann cells

A

surround all axons in PNS
responsible for myelination of peripheral axons
participate in repair process after injury

48
Q

myelination results in

A

transmission speed increase
due to saltatory trasmission

49
Q

why do not all axons need to be myelinated

A

transmission speed is not important for all axons

50
Q

larger diameter =

A

faster transmission

51
Q

why does larger diameter neurons transmit signals faster

A

larger diameter for flow

52
Q

gaps in myelination

A

nodes of Ranvier

53
Q

neurotransmitters bind to receptors which are located

A

on the dendrites of postsynaptic neuron

54
Q

10 steps (end of presentation part 3)

A

physiology and anatomy (31 decks)

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