Week 6 Quiz Guide Flashcards

Chapters 14 &17

1
Q

Describe some common nutritional problems that the elderly face:

A

Swallowing issues which can contribute to risk of aspiration

Side effects of medication, such as constipation or diarrhea, which can interfere with appetite

Decrease in physical activity and/or mobility, which can lead to constipation and lack of appetite

Decreased sense of smell/taste due to aging or medications, which can interfere with appetite

Inability to see

Problems with teeth, dentures, or poor oral hygiene

Depression, anxiety, and lack of social interaction

Dietary restrictions

Trauma and/or disease: Stroke, Parkinson’s, Cancers, MS, Alzheimer’s

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2
Q

What are the six basic nutrients?

A

Water

Fats

Carbohydrates

Vitamins

Minerals

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3
Q

Explain USDA’s MyPlate:

A

The USDA MyPlate is a nutritional guideline to help promote healthy choices and habits when planning meals. The MyPlate icon emphasizes vegetables, fruits, grains, protein, and low-fat dairy products.

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4
Q

What are the importance of dietary cards?

A

Diet cards list the resident/patient name and information about special diets, allergies, likes/dislikes, and other instructions. The NA MUST verify that each resident/patient has received the correct meal by checking the ID card against the diet card

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5
Q

What is a liquid diet?

A

Liquid diets are made up of foods that are in a liquid state at room temperature. Liquid diets are usually ordered as clear or full.

A clear liquid diet consists of fluids that a person can see through, such as soups and juices.

A full liquid diet includes all of the liquids served on a clear liquid diet with the addition of cream soups, milk, and ice cream.

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6
Q

What is a soft diet?

A

The soft diet is soft in texture and consists of soft foods that are easier to chew and swallow. Foods that are hard to chew or swallow are restricted. High-fiber foods, fried foods, and spicy foods may also be limited.

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7
Q

What is a mechanical soft diet?

A

A mechanical soft diet refers to the processing of foods, such as from blenders, food processors, grinders, and utensils. This diet does not typically limit spices, fat, and fiber. Only the texture of the food is changed.

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8
Q

What is a pureed diet?

A

Pureed food means to blend or grind it into a thick paste. The consistency should be thick enough to hold its form in the mouth, but it does not need to be chewed.

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9
Q

What is a bland diet?

A

In the bland diet, foods that irritate the stomach and digestive tract are eliminated, including: spicy foods, citrus juices, caffeinated beverages, and alcohol.

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10
Q

What is a lactose-free diet?

A

A lactose-free diet eliminates all products with lactose, including milk and food or beverages made with milk.

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11
Q

What is a High-Residue / High-Fiber diet?

A

These diets increase the intake of fiber and whole grains, such as whole grain cereals, breads, and raw fruits and vegetables.

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12
Q

What is a Low-Residue / Low-Fiber diet?

A

These diets decrease the intake of fiber, grains, seeds, raw fruits, raw vegetables, dairy, and coffee.

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13
Q

What is a Modified Calorie diet?

A

High-Cal or Low-Cal diets are often ordered to promote weight gain or weight loss based on nutritional and physiological needs. These diets increase/decrease caloric intake, respectively.

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14
Q

What is a Low-Sodium diet?

A

Salt is restricted, including condiments or foods/beverages that may be high in added-salts.

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15
Q

What is a High-Protein diet?

A

A high-protein diet increases high-protein foods, such as lean meats, seafood, eggs, beans, nuts, and foods with added protein.

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16
Q

What is a Low-fat diet?

A

This diet consists of foods that are low in saturated fats, such as fresh fruits and vegetables, low-fat or fat-free dairy products, and white meats.

17
Q

What is a High-Potassium diet?

A

This diet increases foods that are high in potassium, such as bananas, grapefruit, oranges, orange juice, prune juice, prunes, dried apricots, figs, raisins, potatoes with skins, sweet potatoes, and many more.

18
Q

What is a Fluid-Restricted diet?

A

People with severe heart disease and kidney disease may have trouble processing fluid. Fluid intake is restricted for these individuals and NAs will need to measure and document the amount of fluid consumed and eliminated.

19
Q

What is a High-Iron diet?

A

This diet increases the intake of iron through iron-rich foods like green, leafy vegetables, legumes, lean meats, some nuts, and enriched breads/cereals.

20
Q

What is a diabetic diet?

A

Calories and carbohydrates are carefully controlled, and protein and fats are also regulated. Foods that are high in sugar are typically avoided. Specific dietary targets are determined by a registered dietician and included in the care plan.

21
Q

What is a gluten-free diet?

A

This diet is free of a protein called gluten, which is found in wheat, rye, and barley.

22
Q

What is a vegetarian diet?

A

Lacto-ovo - excludes all meats, fish, poultry; allows eggs and dairy products.

Lacto-vegetarian - excludes all meats, poultry, fish, and eggs; allows dairy products.

Ovo-vegetarian - Omits all meats, fish, poultry, and dairy; allows eggs.

23
Q

List the three types of thickened consistencies:

A

Nectar Thick

Honey Thick

Pudding Thick

24
Q

Conversions:

1 oz = X mL

A

1 oz = 30 mL

25
Q

Conversions:

8 oz = X mL

A

8 oz = 240 mL

26
Q

Conversions:

X oz = 960 mL

A

32 oz = 960 mL

27
Q

Describe Intake and Output:

A

Fluid taken in and used by the body is called intake.

Output is the fluid that is eliminated from the body each day. Output includes feces, urine, vomitus, perspiration, and exhaled moisture.

Intake and Output are measured in fluid milliliters.

28
Q

List ways to prevent dehydration:

A

Encourage residents to drinks fluids each time you see them; offer fresh fluids and water often, unless a restriction is in-place

Offer drinks that resident/patient enjoys; honor personal preferences

Know if the resident/patient requires thickened liquids and at which consistency

Make sure the water pitcher is within reach of the resident and is at a volume that is safe to pour by the resident

Offer assistance if resident is unable to drink without help

Offer ice chips, flavored ice sticks, and gelatin often, if swallowing is not an issue

Keep accurate I/O records

Follow posted schedules for offering fluids

29
Q

What are signs and symptoms of dysphagia / aspiration?

A

Eating very slowly

Avoidance of eating

Spitting out pieces of food

Difficulty chewing food

Difficulty swallowing small bites of food or pills

Swallowing several times when eating a single bite

Dribbling saliva, food, or fluid from the mouth

Keeping food inside the mouth or cheeks during and after meals

Vomiting while eating or drinking

Frequent throat clearing

Food or fluid coming up into or out of the nose

Coughing during meals or while drinking

Gurgling sound in voice during or after meals

Problems breathing when eating or drinking

Visible effort to swallow

Watering eyes when eating or drinking

30
Q

List ways to prevent aspiration:

A

Place resident/patient in the proper position for eating and drinking; they must sit upright in a 70 - 90 degree position

Feed slowly

Avoid distractions while eating

Offer small pieces of food or small spoonfuls of pureed food

Offer food, then a liquid. Repeat.

Place food in the nonparalyzed or unaffected side of the mouth

Make sure food is actually swallowed after each bite before offering more food or fluids

Keep residents upright for at least 30 minutes before and after eating and drinking

Provide careful mouthcare after eating

Closely observe residents/patients who choke easily during eating and drinking

31
Q

What are resident’s rights while eating?

A

Residents have the legal right to refuse food and drink. Residents also have the right to ask for and receive different kinds of food. NAs should report any refusals or requests for food or drinks right away.

32
Q

How can you assist a resident with eating who has special needs?

A

Use assistive devices when necessary

Utilize physical and verbal cues. These help maintain independence with eating

Always put food into the stronger or unaffected side of the mouth

Allows enough time for chewing and swallowing

Place foods within resident/patient reach

Read menus aloud, if needed

Face while eating and use a normal tone of voice

Use the face of imaginary clock to help orient the position of items and food/beverages in front of them

Ensure eyeglasses are clean and working as intended. Report any damage or possible changes in vision to the nurse.

Remind them to chew and place utensils down between bites. This prevents eating too quickly

If they are unable to chew, lightly press on the edges of the lips or on the chin to stimulate chewing. Emulate chewing to show them how to chew if this is helpful.

Report improper fitting or damaged dentures/bridges

33
Q

Explain the function of the reproductive system for males and females:

A

Males:

To manufacture sperm and the male hormone testosterone

Females:

To manufacture ova and the female hormones estrogen and progesterone

To provide an environment for the development of a fetus

To produce milk for the nourishment of a baby after birth

34
Q

Explain the structure of the reproductive system for males and females:

A

Males:

Penis, testes, scrotum, epididymis, vas deferens, erectile tissue, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct, and prostate gland

Females:

Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva, and breasts

35
Q

What are normal changes in the reproductive system due to aging?

A

Males:

Prostate gland enlargement

Number and capability of sperm decrease

Sexual response slows; may take longer to achieve erection and to reach orgasm

Females:

Menopause occurs 12 months after last menstrual period. Menopause usually occurs between the ages of 45 - 55

Decrease in the production of estrogen and progesterone leads to loss of calcium, causing brittle bones, and potentially osteoporosis. Decrease in estrogen also makes females more prone to UTIs

Vaginal walls become drier and thinner; this may cause discomfort during sexual intercourse

36
Q

What are common disorders of the reproductive system?

A

STIs

Chlamydia

Genital herpes

Genital HPV infection

Gonorrhea

Syphilis

Trichomoniasis

Vaginitis

Breast cancer

Ovarian cancer

Endometrial cancer

Cervical cancer

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

Prostate cancer

Testicular cancer

37
Q

What should a CNA do if they encounter a resident in a sexual
situation?

A

NAs should provide privacy and leave the area. NAs must not judge any sexual behavior they observe that is safe and healthy.