Week 6 Quiz Guide Flashcards
Chapters 14 &17
Describe some common nutritional problems that the elderly face:
Swallowing issues which can contribute to risk of aspiration
Side effects of medication, such as constipation or diarrhea, which can interfere with appetite
Decrease in physical activity and/or mobility, which can lead to constipation and lack of appetite
Decreased sense of smell/taste due to aging or medications, which can interfere with appetite
Inability to see
Problems with teeth, dentures, or poor oral hygiene
Depression, anxiety, and lack of social interaction
Dietary restrictions
Trauma and/or disease: Stroke, Parkinson’s, Cancers, MS, Alzheimer’s
What are the six basic nutrients?
Water
Fats
Carbohydrates
Vitamins
Minerals
Explain USDA’s MyPlate:
The USDA MyPlate is a nutritional guideline to help promote healthy choices and habits when planning meals. The MyPlate icon emphasizes vegetables, fruits, grains, protein, and low-fat dairy products.
What are the importance of dietary cards?
Diet cards list the resident/patient name and information about special diets, allergies, likes/dislikes, and other instructions. The NA MUST verify that each resident/patient has received the correct meal by checking the ID card against the diet card
What is a liquid diet?
Liquid diets are made up of foods that are in a liquid state at room temperature. Liquid diets are usually ordered as clear or full.
A clear liquid diet consists of fluids that a person can see through, such as soups and juices.
A full liquid diet includes all of the liquids served on a clear liquid diet with the addition of cream soups, milk, and ice cream.
What is a soft diet?
The soft diet is soft in texture and consists of soft foods that are easier to chew and swallow. Foods that are hard to chew or swallow are restricted. High-fiber foods, fried foods, and spicy foods may also be limited.
What is a mechanical soft diet?
A mechanical soft diet refers to the processing of foods, such as from blenders, food processors, grinders, and utensils. This diet does not typically limit spices, fat, and fiber. Only the texture of the food is changed.
What is a pureed diet?
Pureed food means to blend or grind it into a thick paste. The consistency should be thick enough to hold its form in the mouth, but it does not need to be chewed.
What is a bland diet?
In the bland diet, foods that irritate the stomach and digestive tract are eliminated, including: spicy foods, citrus juices, caffeinated beverages, and alcohol.
What is a lactose-free diet?
A lactose-free diet eliminates all products with lactose, including milk and food or beverages made with milk.
What is a High-Residue / High-Fiber diet?
These diets increase the intake of fiber and whole grains, such as whole grain cereals, breads, and raw fruits and vegetables.
What is a Low-Residue / Low-Fiber diet?
These diets decrease the intake of fiber, grains, seeds, raw fruits, raw vegetables, dairy, and coffee.
What is a Modified Calorie diet?
High-Cal or Low-Cal diets are often ordered to promote weight gain or weight loss based on nutritional and physiological needs. These diets increase/decrease caloric intake, respectively.
What is a Low-Sodium diet?
Salt is restricted, including condiments or foods/beverages that may be high in added-salts.
What is a High-Protein diet?
A high-protein diet increases high-protein foods, such as lean meats, seafood, eggs, beans, nuts, and foods with added protein.
What is a Low-fat diet?
This diet consists of foods that are low in saturated fats, such as fresh fruits and vegetables, low-fat or fat-free dairy products, and white meats.
What is a High-Potassium diet?
This diet increases foods that are high in potassium, such as bananas, grapefruit, oranges, orange juice, prune juice, prunes, dried apricots, figs, raisins, potatoes with skins, sweet potatoes, and many more.
What is a Fluid-Restricted diet?
People with severe heart disease and kidney disease may have trouble processing fluid. Fluid intake is restricted for these individuals and NAs will need to measure and document the amount of fluid consumed and eliminated.
What is a High-Iron diet?
This diet increases the intake of iron through iron-rich foods like green, leafy vegetables, legumes, lean meats, some nuts, and enriched breads/cereals.
What is a diabetic diet?
Calories and carbohydrates are carefully controlled, and protein and fats are also regulated. Foods that are high in sugar are typically avoided. Specific dietary targets are determined by a registered dietician and included in the care plan.
What is a gluten-free diet?
This diet is free of a protein called gluten, which is found in wheat, rye, and barley.
What is a vegetarian diet?
Lacto-ovo - excludes all meats, fish, poultry; allows eggs and dairy products.
Lacto-vegetarian - excludes all meats, poultry, fish, and eggs; allows dairy products.
Ovo-vegetarian - Omits all meats, fish, poultry, and dairy; allows eggs.
List the three types of thickened consistencies:
Nectar Thick
Honey Thick
Pudding Thick
Conversions:
1 oz = X mL
1 oz = 30 mL
Conversions:
8 oz = X mL
8 oz = 240 mL
Conversions:
X oz = 960 mL
32 oz = 960 mL
Describe Intake and Output:
Fluid taken in and used by the body is called intake.
Output is the fluid that is eliminated from the body each day. Output includes feces, urine, vomitus, perspiration, and exhaled moisture.
Intake and Output are measured in fluid milliliters.
List ways to prevent dehydration:
Encourage residents to drinks fluids each time you see them; offer fresh fluids and water often, unless a restriction is in-place
Offer drinks that resident/patient enjoys; honor personal preferences
Know if the resident/patient requires thickened liquids and at which consistency
Make sure the water pitcher is within reach of the resident and is at a volume that is safe to pour by the resident
Offer assistance if resident is unable to drink without help
Offer ice chips, flavored ice sticks, and gelatin often, if swallowing is not an issue
Keep accurate I/O records
Follow posted schedules for offering fluids
What are signs and symptoms of dysphagia / aspiration?
Eating very slowly
Avoidance of eating
Spitting out pieces of food
Difficulty chewing food
Difficulty swallowing small bites of food or pills
Swallowing several times when eating a single bite
Dribbling saliva, food, or fluid from the mouth
Keeping food inside the mouth or cheeks during and after meals
Vomiting while eating or drinking
Frequent throat clearing
Food or fluid coming up into or out of the nose
Coughing during meals or while drinking
Gurgling sound in voice during or after meals
Problems breathing when eating or drinking
Visible effort to swallow
Watering eyes when eating or drinking
List ways to prevent aspiration:
Place resident/patient in the proper position for eating and drinking; they must sit upright in a 70 - 90 degree position
Feed slowly
Avoid distractions while eating
Offer small pieces of food or small spoonfuls of pureed food
Offer food, then a liquid. Repeat.
Place food in the nonparalyzed or unaffected side of the mouth
Make sure food is actually swallowed after each bite before offering more food or fluids
Keep residents upright for at least 30 minutes before and after eating and drinking
Provide careful mouthcare after eating
Closely observe residents/patients who choke easily during eating and drinking
What are resident’s rights while eating?
Residents have the legal right to refuse food and drink. Residents also have the right to ask for and receive different kinds of food. NAs should report any refusals or requests for food or drinks right away.
How can you assist a resident with eating who has special needs?
Use assistive devices when necessary
Utilize physical and verbal cues. These help maintain independence with eating
Always put food into the stronger or unaffected side of the mouth
Allows enough time for chewing and swallowing
Place foods within resident/patient reach
Read menus aloud, if needed
Face while eating and use a normal tone of voice
Use the face of imaginary clock to help orient the position of items and food/beverages in front of them
Ensure eyeglasses are clean and working as intended. Report any damage or possible changes in vision to the nurse.
Remind them to chew and place utensils down between bites. This prevents eating too quickly
If they are unable to chew, lightly press on the edges of the lips or on the chin to stimulate chewing. Emulate chewing to show them how to chew if this is helpful.
Report improper fitting or damaged dentures/bridges
Explain the function of the reproductive system for males and females:
Males:
To manufacture sperm and the male hormone testosterone
Females:
To manufacture ova and the female hormones estrogen and progesterone
To provide an environment for the development of a fetus
To produce milk for the nourishment of a baby after birth
Explain the structure of the reproductive system for males and females:
Males:
Penis, testes, scrotum, epididymis, vas deferens, erectile tissue, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct, and prostate gland
Females:
Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva, and breasts
What are normal changes in the reproductive system due to aging?
Males:
Prostate gland enlargement
Number and capability of sperm decrease
Sexual response slows; may take longer to achieve erection and to reach orgasm
Females:
Menopause occurs 12 months after last menstrual period. Menopause usually occurs between the ages of 45 - 55
Decrease in the production of estrogen and progesterone leads to loss of calcium, causing brittle bones, and potentially osteoporosis. Decrease in estrogen also makes females more prone to UTIs
Vaginal walls become drier and thinner; this may cause discomfort during sexual intercourse
What are common disorders of the reproductive system?
STIs
Chlamydia
Genital herpes
Genital HPV infection
Gonorrhea
Syphilis
Trichomoniasis
Vaginitis
Breast cancer
Ovarian cancer
Endometrial cancer
Cervical cancer
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Prostate cancer
Testicular cancer
What should a CNA do if they encounter a resident in a sexual
situation?
NAs should provide privacy and leave the area. NAs must not judge any sexual behavior they observe that is safe and healthy.
