week 6 cardiac (pipes pt. 2) Flashcards
what is venous duplex ultrasonography `
its used to assess blood flow
what does the D-dimer blood test test for
marker of coagulation and fibrin breakdown
what are the 3 main health problems that alter blood flow in the veins
- formation of a thrombus
- defective valves (varicose veins)
- skeletal muscles don’t contract to help pump blood to veins
what is virchows triad
stasis of blood flow
endothelial injury
hypercoaguability
what are the main risk factors for DVT
prolonged sitting
bedrest
what are the main symptoms of DVT
unilateral leg edema
pain
hot to touch
systemic temp
positive homens
what is Homens
flexion causes pain which indicates DVT
what causes venous ulcers
basically damaged valves in the veins resulting in retrograde blood flow, blood pools in the legs
what would a venous ulcer look like
- dull apin
- perish efema
irregular borders with lots of drainage
what are the main intervenitions for a stable patient with DVT
- heparin, warfarin
- blood coagulation tests (PTT and INR)
DOAC (direct oral anticoagulants) like apixaban
what is the 3 main interventions for widespread/large DVT
thrombolytic therapy (use cath for direct approach)
thrombectomy
inferior vena cava infiltration
what is a thrombectomy
surgery to remove clot
what is an inferior vena cava infiltration
done to prevent PE, filtration device inserted into vein or SVC to prevent clots from travelling to the lungs
should you use compression bandages with PAD or PVD
peripheral venous disease
(not helpful in PAD)
when should someone with anticoagulant therapy call EMS when theyre bleeding
after bleeding for 10-15 mins
why would you do superior vena cava filtration
only rlly to prevent PE
why is the aorta so important
its the largest artery which means its under lots of pressure
what is an aortic aneurism
dilation of the arterial wall
what are the two types of aneurism
abdominal aortic aneurism (back pain with pulsatile mass and audible bruits)
thoracic aneurism (not rlly symptomatic)
what is the worst case scenario with aortic aneurism
rupture of aortic aneurism
what places can an aortic aneurism rupture, which is worse?
anterior: bleeds fast into abdominal cavity (worst one)
posterior: bleeds into retroperitoneal space
why should you maintain BP as best as possible for an aortic aneurism
because lower pressure = less stress on arterial wall
what is the surgical intervention for an aortic aneurism
synthetic graft inserted and native wall closed around graft
whats the time limit for an aortic aneurysm surgical repair
35-40 mins because clamps need to be removed so that organs can be perfused
what is an endovascular graft procedure
basically stents put to help with aneurism to help with aortic aneurism (through femoral artery catheter)
what are the three main things to educate patients on after end-vascular repair
- no stairs
- no heavy lifting
- no driving
what is an aortic dissection
tearing of the inner layer of aorta and blood spurts everywhere
what are the two main types of aortic dissection
- aortic arch: lack of blood flow to the brain
- descending aorta: decreased tissue perfusion to abd organs and lower extremities
what are the main interventions for aortic dissection
- immediate bed rest
- control BP
- pain management
- monitor u/o
- consider changes in peripheral circulation
