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3512 > week 2: gas exchange > Flashcards

week 2: gas exchange Flashcards

1
Q

define ventilation

A

process of inhaling oxygen into the lungs and exhaling CO2

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2
Q

what are three issues that affect ventilation

A

COPD, cancer, chest trauma

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3
Q

define diffusion

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide crossing the alveoli and entering blood stream

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4
Q

what are two issues that affect diffusion

A

COPD (emphysema)
lung infection

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5
Q

define perfusion

A

ability of blood to bring oxygen containing Hgb into cells and return CO2 containing Hgb into the alveoli

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6
Q

what are two issues that affect perfusion

A

pulmonary embolism, heart failure

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7
Q

what is hypoxia

A

inadequate transportation of oxygen to body cells (oxygenation failure)

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8
Q

what is hypercapnia

A

build up of carbon dioxide combined with water to produce carbonic acid (ventilation failure)

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9
Q

what are they two big things that a decrease in gas exchange will result in

A

hypoxia and hypercapnia

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10
Q

what does VQ stand for

A

ventilation perfusion

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11
Q

what is an intrapulmonary shunt

A

perfusion without ventilation, usually due to too much fluid in the lungs

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12
Q

what is atelectasis

A

partial lung collapse/lung collapse

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13
Q

what is dead space ventilation

A

ventilation without perfusion

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14
Q

what may cause dead space ventilation

A

pulmonary embolism

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15
Q

what may cause intrapulmonary shunt

A

lumbar pneumonia, atelectasis

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16
Q

how can you tell if chest pain is due to a lung issue or cardiac?

A

if they breathe and the chest pain is worse, it’ll be lung
if you breathe and the chest pain is unaffected, its cardiac

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17
Q

what should you monitor pre procedure for a bronchoscopy

A

monitor CBC, platelets, PTT, lytes, chest X ray
also make sure theyre NPO

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18
Q

what should one monitor post procedure for an endoscopy

A

monitor till sedation wears off, ensure gag prior to eating/drinking. monitor for bleeding, infection, hypoxemia

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19
Q

what is a thoracentesis

A

needle shoved right into lungs to aspirate fluid from pleural space

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20
Q

what should you monitor post procedure for a thoracentesis

A

CXR, vitals, assess lung sounds, check for perforation and leakage.

21
Q

what are some risks for a patient after getting a thoracentesis

A

increased risk for infection and tension pneumothorax.

22
Q

whats the difference between a moderate impairment in respiratory status and severe impairment

A

moderate: change in blood work, severe: change in tissue perfusion

23
Q

what are the symptoms of a pulmonary embolism

A

sudden onset of dyspnea, sharp stabbing chest pain, hemoptysis, crackles, petechiae

24
Q

what are the main interventions we do for a lung issue

A

optimise oxygenation and optimise ventilation through things like positioning, administer medications, manage secretions, optimise nutrition

25
Q

what are the four surgeries that increase ventilation

A

tracheostomy, thoracentesis, chest tube, lung volume reduction surgery

26
Q

what is lung volume reduction surgery

A

removing hyper inflated lung tissue containing stagnant airwha

27
Q

what the upper airway cancer called

A

laryngeal

28
Q

whats the lower airway cancer

A

cancer in the lung

29
Q

what are the signs of late stage laryngeal cancer

A

pain, dysphagia, airway obstruction, SOB, weight loss, unilateral ear pain (same side as tumour), numbness

30
Q

what are the signs of lung cancer

A

persistent cough, blood tinged sputum, wheezing, chest pain, weight loss, dyspnea

31
Q

whats the worse case scenario for respiratory cancer

A

airway obstruction

32
Q

what are the signs of airway obstruction with cancer

A

stridor, acc muscle use, wheezing, tachycardia, cyanosis

33
Q

what is the surgery for laryngeal cancer

A

total laryngectomy: basically take out the larynx and vocal cords, leaving a permanent stoma in the neck.

34
Q

how long should a laryngectomy patient be NPO after surgery

A

24-48 hours

35
Q

what is the surgery for lung cancer

A

thoracotomy with lobectomy

36
Q

what is a thoracotomy

A

surgical opening into thoracic cavity, part of lung removed

37
Q

what is a lobectomy

A

removal of one lobe of the lung

38
Q

what is a pulmonary contusion

A

common chest injury, usually with MVA, where hemmorhage and edema can occur within the alveoli

39
Q

what is flail chest

A

multiple rib fractures, causing instability of the chest wall, usually resulting in one side expanding and contracting opposite to the other one

40
Q

how does the chest move with flail chest

A

inspiration: affected area bulges in
expiration: affected area bulges out

41
Q

what is a pneumothorax

A

lung collapse due to presence of air/blood into pleural space

42
Q

what is a closed vs. open pneumothorax

A

Closed: hole not open to air
open: hope open to air

43
Q

what is a hemothorax

A

blood collects in pleural space

44
Q

what is a big sign of pneumothorax

A

no breath sounds on auscultation.

45
Q

what is a tension pneumothorax

A

hole opening in pleural space, each breath bringing in more oxygen and increasing tension without any air going out

46
Q

what is a mediastinal shift

A

pressure from tension pneumothorax pushes trachea to opposite side, leading to pressure on vena cava/aorta

47
Q

how would one treat a tension pneumothorax

A

aspirate air out with needle

48
Q

how does one treat a large pneumothorax

A

insert chest tube

49
Q

how does one treat a small hemothorax

A

will resolve on its own

3512 (19 decks)

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