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3512 > week 4: cancer > Flashcards

week 4: cancer Flashcards

1
Q

what are hemopoietic growth factors and how do they help with cancer treatment

A

they stimulate the bone marrow to make good cells

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2
Q

what is nadir

A

lowest point of white blood count and shows us how immunocompromised the patient is

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3
Q

what is ANC

A

absolute neutrophil count (basically the nadir)

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4
Q

what is thrombocytopenia

A

impaired clotting with no platelets

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5
Q

how does cancer affect GI tract

A

increases metabolic rate, decreases appetite and affects taste

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6
Q

how does cancer affect the nerves

A

it is rare but they can affect peripheral sensory nerve perception.
this may be due to a tumour in the spine or neurotoxic chemo.

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7
Q

how can cancer affect central motor and sensory function

A

cancer invades bone or brain, which causes hypercalcemia

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8
Q

what is pleural effusion

A

collection of fluid between lining and wall of lungs

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9
Q

what is the dosing of pain medication you should be giving to a cancer patient

A

regular dosing is key. every 4-6 hours should be good

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10
Q

how can we prevent extravasation from chemo

A

use a central line

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11
Q

whats a port-a-cath

A

its a line that’s under the skin, with a pouch that is relatively shallow. you can puncture it very easily to draw blood or give medications

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12
Q

what drug go we give to help with diarrhoea in cancer patients

A

Imodium

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13
Q

whats the #1 antiemetic for cancer treatment

A

ondansetron

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14
Q

what is brachytherapy

A

internal radiation (using seeds, ribbons, capsules)

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15
Q

what is radiation dermatitis

A

radiation can lead to an open wound

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16
Q

what is xerostoma

A

severe tooth decay and dry mouth

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17
Q

what lab values determine bone marrow suppression

A

decreased platelets, Hgb, wbc

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18
Q

what are some things we can do to help with skin care for patients going through radiation

A

avoid skin irritation by using light clothes, no tight belts/bands/cuffs, moisturise with a water based moisturiser, avoid alcohol based anything and retinol. avoid sun expusoreu and heat.

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19
Q

describe internal radiation

A
  • its safer because it reduces exposure to ionising radiation. they put seeds (radioactive isotopes) into the body, patients needs their own bathroom and cant interact with anyone pregnant.
20
Q

which temperature of a cancer patient should we flag

A

anything above 37.5

21
Q

what are the 2 types of breast cancer

A

non-invasive: remains in mammary duct
invasive: most common: spreads around to surrounding lymph nodes

22
Q

what is a lumpectomy

A

breast conserving, cuts out only the part with cancer.

23
Q

what is a partial mastectomy

A

a little more of breast is removed

24
Q

what is a simple mastectomy

A

remove breast

25
Q

what is a modified radical mastectomy

A

remove breast and glands

26
Q

what is a breast cancer surgery with “clear margins”

A

basically they took out the cancer, and there’s no cancer in surrounding tissues

27
Q

what is an ALND (auxiliary lymph node dissection)

A

remove pretty much all the lymph nodes
really old school we don’t do this much anymore

28
Q

what is a SNLD (sentinal lymph node dissection)

A

lymph node closest to the tumour is removed and sent to pathology to see of cancer cells have spread

29
Q

why wouldn’t we want to remove too many lymph nodes

A

because the less you remove, the less of a risk for lymphedema (like long, extreme swelling)

30
Q

what is an autologous DIEP flap

A

basically a BBL but takes fat from the stomach and uses it to create new breasts

31
Q

what is som post op considerations for a mastectomy

A
  • they will have a drain attached to them so make teach family how t empty the drain
  • increase hight of bed and raise affected arm
  • sleep on non-dependent side
  • teach about signs of lymphedema
32
Q

what are signs of lymphedema

A

limb may feel heavy, achy, num, tingly, swelling.

33
Q

what is the main goal post mastectomy in relation to mobility

A

to prevent frozen shoulder

34
Q

what are some ways to prevent frozen shoulder

A
  • pain meds before exercise,
  • warmth to relax muscles
  • elevate arm post-op
    avoid sun and trauma
    no BP on that arm
35
Q

what is ALL

A

acute lymphoma leukemia
- most common
- starts in bone marrow and spreads to other parts of the body

36
Q

what is AML

A

acute myeloid leukaemia
- starts in myeloid and spreads

37
Q

what is CLL

A

chronic lymphotic leukemia
- slow growing
starts in WBC

38
Q

what is CML

A

chronic myeloid leukemia
- starts in myeloid
- slow progression

39
Q

what are some potential side effects of leukemia

A

splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, lymphadenopathy, bone pain, meningeal irritation.

40
Q

what us a vibe narrow aspirate

A

determines sybtype of leukemia and treatment protocol

41
Q

what are the three phases of leukemia treatment protocol

A

induction phase: literally kill all leukaemia cells.
consolidation: continue to kill cells
maintenance: treat with lower doses every 3-4 weeks for prolonged time.

42
Q

what should nurses focus o n in the induction phase of leukemia protocol

A

managing v low WBC (including neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and anemia)
preventing infection
and support systems such as O2, IV fluid, protecting kidney function, etc.

43
Q

how does septic shock present in cancer patients

A

Low grade fever of 38 may be the only sign.

44
Q

what are the nursing interventions for septic shock

A

follow protocol: culture, CXR, swabs, start antibiotics ASAP

45
Q

what is DIC

A

decimated intravascular coagulation
- often caused by sepsis
- basically body starts to form mini clots all over
- v bad sign
- patient usually dies within the next few hours

46
Q

how does cancer cause SIADH

A

cancer cells make, release, and store ADH.

47
Q

what are symptoms of SIADH

A

nausea, vomiting, seizure, obtundation, brain swelling.

3512 (19 decks)

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