Week 6 Augustus and the beginning of the Imperial Period

Question 1

Caesars Funeral

Answer 1

The senate allowed for a funeral and allowed Mark Antony to give a speech

Question 2

Julius Caesars will

Answer 2

◦Named his grand-nephew Octavian as his heir

◦Left every Roman citizen 300 sesterces cash from his personal wealth (gathered from conquests)

◦The average daily pay for a soldier was about 3 sesterces

of course this angered the plebs

Question 3

Octavian opportunity

Answer 3

he used Caesars death to to his advantage by gaining favor with the people.

Question 4

Antony in trouble

Answer 4

Antony assaulted and besieges one of the conspiracists at mutina, which then forced the senate to send out forces to relieve the siege Octavian coming with the relieve force. Octavian won forcing Mark Antony in to the west.

Question 5

Octavian for consul

Answer 5

he wanted to be consul but at the time he was only 19 years old, the senate refused to Octavian marched on Rome with his army, the senate did not want to oppose him. Which Octavian noticed.

Question 6

Octavian outlaws the assassins

Answer 6

condemned and outlawed assassins.

sought reconciliation with Antony.

Lepidus acted as mediator

Question 7

The second Triumvirate

Answer 7

Octavian
Antony
Lepidus
A joint 5 year dictatorship

Question 8

The Roman world divided

Answer 8

◦Lepidus had southern Gaul and the Iberian provinces (brown) and 3 legions

◦Antony had northern Gaul and Cisalpine Gaul (green) and 20 legions

◦Octavian had Africa, Sicily, and Sardinia (purple) and 20 legions

◦Brutus and Cassius held the east

Question 9

Financial difficulties

Answer 9

Triumvirs could not afford to pay their huge armies.

They also needed land to promise to their veterans.

They were not conquering new territory

Each man proscribed his personal enemies as Sulla had done.

They killed their enemies and seized their assets

Question 10

The Battle of Philippi, 42 BCE

Answer 10

◦Octavian fought with Brutus, while Antony attacked Cassius

◦Cassius committed suicide, believing Brutus already dead

◦Brutus was defeated by Antony and Octavian (he also committed suicide)

Question 11

new division of Roman territory between the triumvirs◦Octavian was given Italy and the western provinces◦Lepidus controlled Africa◦Antony had the eastern provinces

Answer 11

◦Octavian was given Italy and the western provinces

◦Lepidus controlled Africa

◦Antony had the eastern provinces

Question 12

The divine Julius

Answer 12

Octavian (Augustus) had Julius officially deified by the Senate

◦Quintiliswas re-named Julius

◦This effectively made Octavian the son of a god

Question 13

Cleopatra

Answer 13

She got Antony’s attention and gave him three children, but Antony could not have a legal marriage with her because she was not a legal roman citizen

Question 14

The situation in 36 BCE

Answer 14

◦Octavian controls the West

◦Antony controls the East

◦Octavian wants to rule it all

Octavian was looking to take the land form Antony

Question 15

Armenia

Answer 15

Antony won land form Armenia and wanted a triumph in Alexandria but the Senate would not allow it so he made one for himself anyways and gave the newly conquered lands to Cleopatra’s children. Octavian used this as a case against Antony.

Question 16

The case against Antony

Answer 16

◦Octavian seized Antony’s will

◦Accused him of leaving Roman possessions to Cleopatra

Question 17

Enemy of the state

Answer 17

Octavian declared war on Cleopatra, which made Antony stand by her side. The ensuing battle between Octavian and Antony took place at Actium.

Question 18

The final war of the Republic

Answer 18

Antony hoped Octavian could not pay for his own troops, but Agrippa attacked Antony’s fleet.. Most of Antony’s allies either left or joined against him. Antony decided to leave for Alexandria with the war chests. But Agrippa was patient and waited for Antony. Antony then attacked Agrippa and his center of ships eventually lost, which caused Cleopatra to leave and soon after Antony. Mark Antony had lost and he and Cleopatra committed suicide. In 27 BC Octavian named himself Augustus and became the first Roman Emperor.

Question 19

After Actium

Answer 19

Rome annexed Egypt after the war and made all enemy soldiers swear loyalty to Octavian.

Question 20

How to rule Rome

Answer 20

Caesar’s autocratic rule as dictator for life (not a good choice).

Sole rule depending on support of his army (maybe not the best idea).

Create a new form of government from the traditional Republican framework

Question 21

The return of Power and control

Answer 21

authority returned to the Senate and the people of Rome

◦He maintained control of several provinces for 10 years

◦Spain, Gaul, Cilicia, Cyprus, Syria, and Egypt

◦He reserved the right to appoint his own legates to rule over these provinces

◦This means he would need to remain consul for 10 years

◦The governorship of other provinces continued to be given to ex-consuls and ex-praetors as before

He also appointed Agrippa as his co-consul

Question 22

The Birth of Augustus

Answer 22

The Senate bestowed the title “Augustus”, revered one, on Octavian

◦The month of Sextiliuswas renamed “Augustus” in his honour

Question 23

Power without seeming to take power

Answer 23

He resigned his consulship in 23 BCE and took up a Tribuneship instead

He also kept his imperium.

In 12 BCE he took the office of Pontifex Maximus.

He was referred to as imperator but preferred the title princeps.

He gave all the power to the Senate, but controlled it through his auctoritas.

Question 24

Controlling the Senate

Answer 24

Augustus acted like a censor, choosing who became Senators and who was expelled.

He reduced their numbers back to 600 (as in Sulla’s time).

The Senate was expected to approve anything he requested

Question 25

A new class emerges

Answer 25

Augustus elevated the Senate to a new, exclusive social class.

1,000,000 sesterces was the minimum level of wealth for a senator.

Senatorial class –included senators and their families.

This became the highest class in Rome

Question 26

Controlling the empire

Answer 26

Augustus appointed equestrians as procurators (agents)

◦They took care of finances, legal matters, etc, managing properties under his control

◦Eventually, there were procurators in every province acting as Augustus’ personal staff

◦They became provincial governors and even commanded troops

Question 27

Ensuring against new civil war

Answer 27

Augustus raised the pay of centurions in charge of legions.

He gave command of legions to non-aristocrats.

He made all soldiers swear an oath of loyalty to himself and his family, not to Rome, the Senate, or their own leaders

the senate could not see what he was doing and the ones that did were wiped from history.

Question 28

Two types of province

Answer 28

Imperial
◦Controlled directly by the Emperor

◦Unstable or war-like states that needed armies to control them

◦These provinces had legions stationed in them

Senatorial
◦Controlled by the Senate

◦Stable and peaceful states

◦These provinces could be run by a civil administration without the need for legions

Question 29

Augustus as princepes

Answer 29

completed construction of Julius Caesar’s temple for Venus.

He also built his own form perpendicular to Caesars which was larger, meant for propaganda.

Question 30

Augustus Forum

Answer 30

Dedicated to Venus, mars and Julius, had pictures of ancestors like Aenaes people of the Julian clan. Augustus really wanted to show his piety.

Question 31

Temple of Mars

Answer 31

Started construction to represent justice and revenge for Caesar. Was made from Luna, in order rival Pericles with his marble city. The triad on the temple included Venus, mars and divine Julius the first man seen as a god.

Question 32

Augustus image

Answer 32

He loved Greek art, and wanted to be represented like a god, constantly being presented as young and healthy. (youth, vitality, and god-like, irreproachability)

Question 33

Augustus Prima Porta

Answer 33

Was an original copy of bronze that stands 6 f, 8 inch tall, with bear feet like a god, found in Livia villa Augustus wife, many copies were made of the emperor, showed the attributes of Augustus (idealized), can identify his features through his statue, shows a new era where he shows hes more god-like and less human like. He wants to represent this god-like representation. He is adopting the Greek ideal trying to recreate the golden age of Greece. has cupid by his side, which is the son of Venus and Augustus is the son of Aenaeas as well as Julius, His breastplate he is wearing represents, the god of the sky and the goddess of the earth, in which all of the divine forces come together for Augustus’ rule. Also shows his victory over Parthia by having the Parthia returning his standard. Very powerful political propaganda. presents (his face as being timeless and powerful). The people who saw the statue was the only representation of Augustus. There are ideas that the statue was holding an item in one of his hands. the representations on the breastplate; Sol, Luna, Gallia, Diana, Apollo, Germania, Parthian returning standard to Rome. Implies that Romes enemies show respect and bow down to Caesar.

Question 34

Augustus as Pontifex Maximus

Answer 34

he presented himself as a the pontifex maximus (high priest) head was made out of Greek marble and body was made out of Luna marble. He looks serene (other worldly), Has a distinct hair style which is consistently the same with all statues.

Question 35

Livia

Answer 35

She was never shown to age, represented as a goddess,

Question 36

Ara Pacis

Answer 36

Alter of Peace, dedicated to peace, the senate vowed to create an alter for making peace. It was found under a palace, Mussolini looked over the reconstruction, the alter shows a spiritual and political significance, it reestablishes traditional roman values and represents a golden age brought by Augustus. It has an order given to the plants (symbol of fertility thanks to Augustus) on the Ara Pacis. The interior was decorated by garlands of fruits and flowers and a bull skull (represent the sacrifices and piety from the emperor, 4 myths represented showing the ancestors of Rome.

Question 37

Augustus want to say?

Answer 37

He is heroic and semi-divine.

He has a divine right to rule (as does his family).

He is a capable and powerful leader.

He brought peace and prosperity to Rome