Week 4 Consequences of expansion

Question 1

The Tribunes of the Plebs

Answer 1

By the second century BCE, there were two Tribunes who mirrored the 2 Consuls.
The two Tribunes each had the power of veto over each other and over other magistrates.
Tribunes could veto bills unfavourable to Plebeians.
Tribunes could introduce laws directly to the assembly without passing through the Senate

Question 2

The growing power of the Senate

Answer 2

advice gained the weight of law.
Senatus Consultum(decree of the Senate) is the advice given to magistrates.
By the second century, senatus consultum required.
Senate approval required for all laws.
Senatus Consultum Ultimum(final decree of the Senate) gave unlimited power to magistrates.

Question 3

The Senate’s role in politics

Answer 3

The Senate determined what tasks a magistrate would perform.
They assigned provinces to those who would govern them
They decided how much money provincial governors would receive to govern.
They had the final say over treaties drawn up by generals following wars.
They decided whether or nota victorious general would be granted a triumph.

Question 4

FAMAET GLORIA

Answer 4

Victory in battle ultimate achievement of consul.
The cognomen might now reflect those victories (e.g.Africanus).
Extra glory could be claimed by descendants of victorious generals (e.g.Scipio).
The ultimate honour was to be granted a triumph by the Senate for a victory.
The ultimate insult was to be refused a triumph by the Senate for a victory.

Question 5

The Roman Triumph

Answer 5

Rome’s highest honor, and apex of ones career.
It was a large parade in which a general and his army may pass the pomerium for one day.

To get a triumph one had to expand the territories of Rome, and acclaimed Imperator by his soldiers. Had to return to Rome and ask for the senate to meet with him. If the senate agreed the general would have to list his accomplishments.

If senate approves the vote goes down to the plebian assembly.

Question 6

The Roman triumph stages

Answer 6

Stage 1 began with a long line of wagons with models and painting showing off Rome’s new territory. (public had to be taught what they were looking at). These were accompanied by animals of the newly conquered territory. After this the wagons with the spoils of war with gold and slaves, people loved the event .
Stage 2 the triumphator made his grand entrance in a special chariot pulled by four white horses and fixed with charms to resist magical spells. the triumphator wore a completely purple toga, as well as his face being painted red as reference to Jupiter. (becasue gods had exception to enter the pomerium. The triumphator also a branch froma laurel tree and an ivory septor. The Family members followed the triumph
Stage 3 was exclusively for the Army, they usually sang rude songs.

Question 7

the pathway of the triumph

Answer 7

all those in the triumph met outsde in the circus Flaminius, then went to the triumphed gate, then wnet to the circus maximus romes favorite race track and did a couple laps. then went to the palatine hill, Romes richest citizens would have waited on the Via Sacra which then led to the end of the Triumph at the temple of Jupiter.

Question 8

Ager Publicus

Answer 8

Following a conquest, the territory of the enemy became “public land”.
Anyone could use such land at no cost.
After a period of time using the land, it could be claimed as a personal possession.
The rich created slave-run estates on this public land.

Question 9

TIBERIUS AND GAIUS GRACCHUS

Answer 9

Tiberius’ wanted the Ager Publicus redistributed to the poor.
Gaius wanted a cap on the price of grain.

Question 10

Aftermath

Answer 10

Rome remained a nation ruled by the richest citizens.
The Senate, full of Patricians, became stronger and stronger.
The voice of the people was no match for the power of the ultra-rich.

Question 11

The Domus (house hold)

Answer 11

Uxor/mater Wife/mother, Pater familias (father of the family), children (even when adults, they are under their father’s authority), Slaves, reedmen and freedwomen.

Question 12

Cum manu(with the hand)

Answer 12

The bride is under the control of her husband and her property belongs to him.

Question 13

Sine manu(without the hand)

Answer 13

The bride remains nominally under the control of her father and her property does not belong to her husband.
By the 1stcentury BCE, most marriages were sine manu.

Question 14

Patronus

Answer 14

Wealthy Roman citizen

Responsibility: receive clients each day, give them food/money, instructions

Question 15

Atrium

Answer 15

The heart of the roman villa, with many paintings and decorations. shrine to lares (household guards)

Question 16

Impluvium and Compluvium

Answer 16

Part of the house that collected rain water.

Question 17

Peristyle

Answer 17

The garden at the back of the villa very valued by the owners some even had Greek art.

Question 18

Fauces (jaws) and Vestibulum.

Answer 18

The entrance to the house and floor of the vestibulum which had a mosaic drawn.

Question 19

Ala (alae - wings)

Answer 19

They used to be openings with windows to admit light before the compluvium became popular.

Question 20

Triclinium

Answer 20

The couches Romans reclined on when relaxing and dining.

Question 21

The Tablinum

Answer 21

The office of the paterfamilias where he worked.

Question 22

The Exedra

Answer 22

The outdoor dining hall, painted and had mosiacs on the floor.

Question 23

Cubiculum

Answer 23

A roman bedroom, was painted

Question 24

Taberna

Answer 24

Used mostly as shops as well as storage.

Question 25

Posticum

Answer 25

A back entry door for salves.

Question 26

Culina

Answer 26

Kitchen was placed in the center so it could deliver food quickly.

Question 27

Latrina

Answer 27

Toilet which was connected to the sewer system.

Question 28

Roman Insula

Answer 28

Roman apartments where most romans lived.
first floor had shops. 
second floor had food counter.
third spacious apartment
fourth Smaller apartment 
Fifth bachelor apartment

Question 29

Optimates

Answer 29

▪“best men”
▪Aristocracy
▪Uphold status quo
▪Used Senate to forward interests
▪Wanted to shrink power of popular assemblies
▪In this camp: Sulla, Pompey, Cato the Elder

Question 30

Populares

Answer 30

▪Champions of the “populus”
▪Sought to advance their own interests with help of popular assemblies
▪Wanted to increase the power of popular assemblies
▪In this camp: Marius, Caesar (Marius had married his aunt)

Question 31

GAIUS MARIUS 157 –86 BCE

Answer 31

Excellent general
▪Had loyal support of soldiers
▪Equestrian, unable to win support of Patricians
▪Rose to the rank of consul (held it several times)
▪Champion of the populares
▪Married into Patrician family (Julia, aunt of Julius Caesar)

Question 32

LUCIUS CORNELIUS SULLA 138 –79 BCE

Answer 32

▪Patrician
▪Champion of the optimates
▪Good politician as well as general
▪Rose to rank of Consul

Question 33

PROBLEMS BETWEEN MARIUS AND SULLA

Answer 33

▪Marius was consul in 105 when Jugurtha of Numidia was defeated (paraded him in his triumph)
▪Sulla was his quaestor who actually captured Jugurtha and ended the war
▪Marius was re-elected consul annually
▪Marius was granted several triumphs for all his victories
▪Marius was not a patrician
▪Sulla was jealous

Question 34

MARIUS GETS RECRUITS

Answer 34

Instead of drafting soldiers, he asked for volunteers.
He promised them rewards such as money and land (for veterans).
Men were equipped and paid by the state.

Question 35

The Roman Legion

Answer 35

1 Legion = 10 cohorts
1 Cohort = 6 centuries
1 Century = 10 contubernia
1 Contubernium = 8 fighting men
Leadership was divided.
Each century was led by a Centurion.
A Legate commanded the Legion(Consul, praetor, etc).
The Legate was supported by Military Tribunes (number varied)

Question 36

Allied Auxiliaries

Answer 36

Cretan archers
Balearic slinger
Numidian or Germanic Cavalry

Question 37

The Eagle - Legionary Standard

Answer 37

The sacred symbol whose loss meant dishonour.
In peace, it was kept in the treasury of Rome or the Province.
In war, it was kept in the sanctuary in the camp.

Question 38

Vexillum

Answer 38

Legions Flag to differentiate had, Which had numbers and unique symbols

Question 39

Marius Mules

Answer 39

Self sufficient soldiers which carried water bucket, tent , sleeping equipment, kettle, mess tin, pick axe and turf cutter, this was all to cut bac on wagons carrying equipment. Also were taken on marches to keep them fit.

Question 40

Mules

Answer 40

Real mules carried the tent of the contuberium, stakes, mill stones, and other heavy, communal equipment.

Question 41

The Pilum

Answer 41

The early pilum had a long, pointed iron shank
▪Later, pila were weighted to give greater penetration
▪The shaft was made so it bent on impact
▪Pila stuck in a shield rendered the shield useless
▪Marius substituted one metal pin with a wooden peg

Question 42

Pros of Maruis reforms

Answer 42

▪Army was more efficient
▪Army trained all year round
▪Lower classes able to have military career
▪Class differences less pronounce

Question 43

Cons of Maruis reforms

Answer 43

▪Soldiers received rewards from their generals
▪Soldiers became loyal to generals
▪Generals gained power through their armies
▪Led to civil wars

Question 44

The changing Consulship

Answer 44

Was originally only held by patricians.
Marius managed to obtain the office (for glory).
Constant warfare allowed Marius to hold the office seven times, five of those being consecutive years.