Week 3 Conquest of Italy

Question 1

The fall of VEII 396 BCE

Answer 1

Veii controlled the salt and grain trade between Campania and Etruria.
After 10 years of siege, Marcus Furius Camillus made dictator.
Rome annexed the Land.
Some citizens given Roman citizenship, others expelled or enslaved.
The seized land was redistributed to Roman poor, allowing them to become soldiers.

Question 2

Sack of Rome

Answer 2

The Gaul’s marched on Rome and sacked it.
They refused to leave without a huge ransom.
Marcus Furius Camillus was again made dictator to deal with the crisis.
After the Gaul’s departed, he attacked them, defeated their army, and recovered the ransom.

Question 3

The Servian Wall

Answer 3

Oldest surviving defensive wall in Rome

Question 4

Latin League

Answer 4

Collection of 30 villages and tribes in Latium.
Defensive league against Etruscans originally.
Founded by Alba Longa
Lavinium is also a member

Question 5

Rome versus the leaugue

Answer 5

Rome was the most powerful city.
Had defeated the others at Lake Regillus in 496 BCE.
They signed a treaty making the Latin League allies of Rome with citizens’ rights.
Cities of the League kept fighting until they were finally beaten in 338 BCE.

Question 6

After the Latin War

Answer 6

Small communities were absorbed by Rome.
Citizens became Roman citizens.
Kept their own government at a local level.
Citizens were required to serve in the Roman army.
Larger urban centers (Tibur, Praeneste) remained independent as allies.
Communities that put up too much of a fight were destroyed and their populations enslaved.

Question 7

Samnites

Answer 7

One of the most formidable foes in Italy.
Larger territory, larger population than Rome.
Population pressure caused them to expand their territory.
4 main tribes forming a confederacy with no urban center.
They were mountain people.

Question 8

The First Samnite War 343 - 341 BCE

Answer 8

The Samnites attacked the Sidicini in Capua who asked for Romes protection.
Capua was the second-largest City in Italy after Rome.
Rome agreed to help if Capua became its ally.
The peace treaty gave Samnites the right to occupy the land of the Sidicini and made Rome’s alliance with Capua official.

Question 9

The Second Samnite war

Answer 9

Rome signed a treaty with Tarentum (a Spartan colony in the south(, helping them to fight neighboring Oscan tribes.
The samnites backed the Oscans.
Geography led to the romans demise.

Question 10

The battle of Caudine Forks

Answer 10

The Romans were led into a narrow pass and trapped by the Samnites.
Unable to escape they were forced to surrender.

Question 11

Romes greatest humiliation

Answer 11

They were stripped to their tunics and forced to pass “under the yoke”
This means complete defeat and unconditional surrender.
They also never forgot this humiliation.
They completely overhauled their army.

Question 12

THE THIRD SAMNITE WAR298-290 BC

Answer 12

Rome’s size and power was steadily growing.
The Sabines, Etruscans, Umbrians, and even Gauls joined the Samnites to try to stop Roman expansion.
The Romans defeated them.
The Samnite’s lands were annexed to Rome and the Samnites were forced to become allies (socii).

Question 13

Latin Allies

Answer 13

Like cousins to the romans all spoke the same language and had the same customs

Question 14

Municipia

Answer 14

Roman colonies established through conquest and land given to poor roman citizens.

Question 15

Socii

Answer 15

Conquered people and did not have citizen rights like the others.

Question 16

Lantin Allies rights

Answer 16

Conubium –the right to intermarriage with Roman citizens.
•Commercium –the right to conduct business and make legal contracts with Romans.
•Migratio –the right to change residence.

Question 17

Municipia

Answer 17

Rome took over some states and turned them into municipia.
Citizens of the municipium had full Roman citizenship with all the rights (and responsibilities), but no vote.
Had their own government under the control of a Roman prefect.
Roman colonies were established at strategic places and had the same status.
Often served as a buffer between Rome and its enemies.

Question 18

Socii

Answer 18

Mainly weaker states who made a pact with Rome for protection.
Had to allow Rome to conduct their foreign affairs.
Were not taxed and were given limited citizenship rights.
Had to place their military at Rome’s command.
Were permitted to raise their own army under command of their own leaders, but under command of a Roman general.
Rome supplied food and pay to the soldiers and shared spoils with them

Question 19

close order phalanx

Answer 19

Straight horizontal lines of soldiers

Question 20

Triplex Acies

Answer 20

promoted utility and monurverablilty among the battlefield

Question 21

Roman army made up of

Answer 21

1200 Hastati manned the front 
1200 Pricipes in the 2nd line 
600 Triarii
1200 velites 
300 cavalry

Question 22

Gladius

Answer 22

Roman sword based on Spanish design

Question 23

Pila

Answer 23

Roman javelin to either oemetrate or dissarm shields

Question 24

Scutum shield

Answer 24

Roman shield used by Hastati and Pricipes.

Question 25

Triarii carried

Answer 25

Older desing thrusting spear and Clipei shield more in line with their old phalinx formation

Question 26

Roman Cavalry

Answer 26

Horsemen were from the wealthier classes , allied cavalry always provided more.

Question 27

TARENTUM –COLONY OF SPARTA

Answer 27

Tarentum felt threatened by Italic tribes
Were allied with Rome –condition that Rome not send war ships to the Tarentine Gulf
Rome was fighting the Lucanians and set up a garrison at Thurii–with warships.
Tarentum considered it a threat and attacked, sinking ships and driving the garrison out.
They called on Epirus for support for all Greek city-states.

Question 28

PYRRHUS, KING OF EPIRU

Answer 28

Son of Molossian king and Thessalian mother.
Inherited title at early age.
Held his throne with help of Ptolemy (one of Alexander the Great’s successors who ruled Egypt).
He is probably the unluckiest man ever to have lived.

Question 29

THE HELLENIZATION OF THE ROMAN ARISTOCRAC

Answer 29

After the capture of Tarentum, the Roman elite appropriated Greek culture.
They learned Greek in order to read Greek literature (mark of social distinction).
Some aristocrats adopted Greek cognomina (Philo (Lover), Sophus (Wise), Philippus(lover of horses)).
Greek captives served as teachers (or doctors) to the rich who owned them.
One such captive was Livius Andronicus who translated and adapted Greek literature for Romans and began Roman literature as an artform.

Question 30

THE NEW ARISTOCRACY

Answer 30

• Offices and priesthoods opened to the Plebeians
• Patricians aristocrats by birth
• Plebeian aristocracy based on wealth and power
• Plebeian families acquired and maintained position through holding offices
• Latin nobilis(noble) meant a man’s ancestor had been elected consul
• Wealth came from land ownership (other professions were not respectable

Question 31

A NEW CLASS OF CITIZEN

Answer 31

Wealthy Plebeians were allowed to join the cavalry
•They became the “Equestrians”
•Equestrians were considered noble among the Plebeians
•They were considered Plebeians by the Patricia

Question 32

IMPORTANT ATTRIBUTES OF THE ELITE CLASSES

Answer 32

Virtus (manly courage), a military trait that came to mean “excellence of character”.
Laus(praise) and Gloria (glory) were expected from the state for their accomplishments (usually military).
Dignitas (esteem) came from holding office, particularly high offices.
The importance placed on these attributes changed the face of Rome as wealthy men strove to outdo each other in public display through festivals and architect.

Question 33

CLAIMING THE GLORY OF ANCESTORS

Answer 33

• Patricians have noble names.
• Equestrians must create “great families”.
• Have an ancestor who was a consul.
• Marry into Patrician families.

Question 34

CARTHAGE’S FOREIGN POLICY

Answer 34

Principle interest was trade.
Developed a powerful navy to protect trade interests.
Following conquests, forced the defeated states to pay tribute.
Did not integrate conquered peoples into their army or civic institutions.
Result: no loyal sources of manpower and high probability of revolt by subjects.

Question 35

The first Punic war

Answer 35

Italian mercenaries took a carthage city and appealed to carthage for help, the mercenaries didn’t like following carthages rules and appealed to Rome for help. Rome agreed and thus started the 1st punic war involved a million men. Once rome started winning at sea they won the first war.

Question 36

events leading up to the Second Punic war

Answer 36

Hamilcar used the armies granted to him by carthage originally supposed to be for their african colonies, to invade european held carthage. Made himslef and his son swear a blood oath to never be a friend of Rome. He carved out a kingdom in europe for himself. Rome started getting worried when Hamilcar was getting close to war.

Question 37

Syracuse and carthages strange alliance

Answer 37

• Carthage and Syracuse sought to dominate Sicily
• Both feared Rome’s expansion and its proximity
• Messanawas strategically placed
• Carthage could not afford to lose

Question 38

THE ROMAN DECISION

Answer 38

• Carthage was becoming a threat to Italy
• The strait of Messanawas very narrow, and Carthaginian territory was very close
• They could not resist the opportunity to remove the Carthaginians from Sic

Question 39

Romans in THE FIRST PUNIC WAR 264-241 BCE

Answer 39

• Rome did well in the land battles, but not so well in naval battles
• They finally achieved supremacy by sea by turning naval battles into land battle

Question 40

THE QUINQUEREME–EARLY ROMAN

Answer 40

Corvus used to board enemy ships (design from sieges)
Two men on top oar
Two men on middle oar
One man on lowest oar
had a ram aswell

Question 41

AFTERMATH of the first punic war

Answer 41

• Hamilcar Barca, Carthaginian commander, was isolated on Sicily and came to terms with Rome
• Carthage evacuated Sicily and had to pay a huge tribute to Rome
• Rome added Sicily to its territory, which became the first Roman province
• Rome was now a naval as well as land superpower

Question 42

HAMILCAR BARCA “MELQART IS GRACIOUS” “THUNDERBOLT”

Answer 42

• Commanded Carthaginian forces in Sicily
• Commanded expedition to Spain
• Died in battle there in 228
• Taught his sons to hate Rome

Question 43

HANNIBAL BARCA“BA’AL IS GRACIOUS” “THUNDERBOLT”

Answer 43

• Son of Hamilcar Barca
• Father taught him to hate Rome
• Took over his father’s command after his death
• Brother of Hasdrubal and Mago
• The whole Thunderbolt family hated Rome

Question 44

HANNIBALs side

Answer 44

• Skilled general in charge for the entire war
• Able to understand his enemy (psychologically)
• Commanded an army of mercenaries
• Expected to turn Rome’s allies against her

Question 45

Romes side

Answer 45

• Army commanded by two politicians elected annually
• Consuls took turns commanding entire army and agreed not to veto each other
• The army was organized, disciplined, and well-trained (and loyal)
• They were fighting for home and family

Question 46

The second punic war

Answer 46

Hannibal campaign in the Iberian peninsula brought him closer to the Erbo river, Hannibul besieges the saguntum and takes it because Rome could not relieve the siege. Rome demanded Hannibal but carthage did not give in to romes demand. Hannibal invades Italy through the alps to catch romans by surprise. Hannibal lost about 72000 men crossing the Alps. Hannibal meets the Romans at Tincino and he wins wounding Scipio. Hannibal uses the sempronius (inexperienced commander, rome had to switch their military commanders ) as a way to attack the romans, sempronius falls for the trap. The cold, tired and hungry romans held well at first but lose. Winter halted hannibals assault, Gaius was populist and didnt want to be occupied with work in rome, Gaius raised four legions and headed north for Hannibal, Hannibal traversed through the marsh (terrible conditions) with his army outsmarting Rome emerging in Etruira. Hannibals ultaimate goal was to get everyone in the Italian peninsula against Rome, Hannibal prerpared his ambush for the coming roman legions, His plan was to force the romans down a narrow pathway and then trap the army, this paid off killing 30000 romans out of 40000 (the battle of lake trasimene) . Rome then appointed Quintus Fabius Maximus to dictator, Fabius never accepted the battles Hannibal wanted him to walk in to always staying in his strategic advantage (fabian tactics) (romans didn’t like the choice). Hannibal purpoley destroyed lands not belonging to Fabius adding to romes suspicion. Hannibal then marches into Ager Falernus(valley with 8 passes) in whihch Fabius trapped in. Hannibal used Oxen to get out at night to distract the romans. Manucius Fabians master of horse was then assigned to co-dictator, Manucius with this new power took half of the army and got wiped out by Hannibal. Fabian had to save the day and then Manucius put himself back in his place. Varro is then voted in to march south to crush hannibal with 16 new legions(80000 men) . Hannibal had his army at Cannae. The co-consuls Paullus was nervous about the flat open terrain and wanted to move the army on a hill. Varro wanted to engage Hannibal on the field which he did. Hannibal formed his army with his weakest infantry in the middle while his stronger troops waited on the flank. Varro saw this as this advantage to break through, this slowly forced Hannibal’s center back and the romans kept pushing while Hannibals flank still held forming an inverted crescent. He then used his cavalry which had foced the roman cavalry away to then encircle the roman infantry closing the net. Which then led every roman to be slaughtered only 3000 romans escaped. Hannibal then decides not to go to Rome thinking he cant take Rome. He brings term to Rome for peace but Rome doesn’t accept. Sicily then allies with Hannibal forcing him to commit forces, Archimedes holds rome at bay with catapults and cranes that could lift ships aswell as mirrors used to burn ships. In the meanwhile Publius Cornelius Scipio was in spain with an army, fighting Hannibals brother Hasdrubal with succes. Hasdrubal used clever tactics against the romans with splitting his army up forcing the romans to separate. Scipios sun Scipio Africanus pleads for command of the army in spain to take on carthage, he then went to the Carthaginian capital in spain Carthago Nova. Scipio then attacked the city from three sides, from the front, sea and a lagoon from the north which led to an undefended part of the wall. He then took the city, giving him the resources to prolong the war, and defeated Hasdrubal in field. Hasdrubal then went through the alps to join his brother. Meanwhile the remaining Carthaginians attempted to take back the Iberian peninsula. And met them at battle at Ilipa, Scipio used his cavalry to drive out the Carthaginians, he changed his troop placement with his weaker men in the center, while the his stronger men attacked the weaker forces of carthage. After this he pushed in on the center and crushed the Carthaginians preventing them from ever retaking the Iberian peninsula. In Italy the romans were fighing Hannibal in the south and waiting for Hasdrubal in the north, neither army able to defeat either. Gaius Cladius Nero took a part of his army north to Marcus Livius Salinators amry. Hasdrubal being betrayed by his guide is then forced to the back of a river and has his army utterly defeated aswell as himself. Scipio then invaded Africa with the help of a Numedian prince Masinissa and defeated the Carthaginian army leaving them defenseless. So carthage called back Hannibal, Hannibal was placed on the field and was defeated by Scipio and Masinissa.

Question 47

Scipio

Answer 47

was placed as governor of Sicily with no legions but called upon volunteers which then had thousands of old veterans answer the call. With his now 7000 men at his complete command, the senate then gave him permission to invade north Africa

Question 48

The battle of Zama

Answer 48

Carthage had managed to throw together thousands of new recruits as well as 80 war elephants for Hannibal. Hannibal had the most experienced army at his side with his third line having 16 years of experience. Hannibals army was in a traditional formation while Scipios made his formation look traditional formation but having skirmishers separating his infantry. Scipio had his Cavalry on his left while the Numedian Cavalry on the right side. The romans were outnumbered. The battle started with an elephant charge which then turned back attacking the Carthaginian cavalry which the Numedians then used to attack. After that the elephants were sent to charge in and ran into the gaps, which the roman skirmishers were waiting for and then killed most of the elephants with ranged attacks, the rest simply fled. The remaining cavalry engaged leading to roman cavalry winning. Now Hannibals 36000 men faced Scipios 23000 men, Hannibals sent his two lines forward keeping his elite troops back. Rome took the inital blunt force of the first attack and then slowly pushed the tiring first line back. Some of the first line fled which caused Hannibals second line to attack, which caused the romans to to lose most of their first line leading them to send their second line. Eventually Carthaginians second line routed. Scipio then reformed their line making a weak center and strong sides(like Hannibal) while getting rest for the final attack. So the romans advanced and then fought the Carthaginians head on, the cavalry returned to an exposed Carthaginian army and crashed in which then caused Hannibal to lose.

Question 49

Terms of Peace

Answer 49

Spain was ceded to Rome.
Carthage surrendered most of its war ships.
Carthage had to pay 50-year indemnity to Rome of 10000 silver talents (3x more than the 1st Punic War).

Question 50

Aftermath for Rome

Answer 50

• Rome’s full-time professional army
• War elephants in the infantry, corvus-equipped ships in the navy
• New provinces outside of Italy: Sicily, Spain, Sardinia, Corsica
• More armies than consuls and praetors
• Distant armies independent and loyal to general

Question 51

BATTLES WITH THE MACEDONIAN KINGDOM

Answer 51

Philip V, King of Macedon, made an alliance with Hannibal against the Romans.
This eventually led to war.

Question 52

Aftermath after Macedon

Answer 52

Rome did not annex Greece.
Flaminius proclaimed the freedom of several Greek cities at the Isthmian Games.
Greece had to acknowledge its subordination to Rome, but it did not have any obligations.

Question 53

Final Wars

Answer 53

Some of the Greek city states, led by Corinth, tried to assert their independence.
Lucius Mummius was sent to Greece where he defeated the Leagues army in 146 BCE.
He plundered and destroyed Corinth, its richest city, and enslaved the population.
The same year, Scipio Aemilianus (adoptive gandson of Africanus) destroyed carthage.