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Roman Civilization > Week 2 Emergence of Rome > Flashcards

Week 2 Emergence of Rome Flashcards

1
Q

History Of Rome

A

Not written until the time of Augustus, history is told through stories, Virgil wrote the history, he wanted to give Rome a great story based of Trojan heroes,

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2
Q

Aeneas

A

Man who escaped troy during the trojan war bringing with him the flame, eventually took him 10 years to find the home a Dardanus, Jupiter sent mercury down to Aeneas to tell him he must found an empire and leave Dido,

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3
Q

Dido

A

Queen of Carthage, Aeneas leaves her to found an empire and she has her heart broken and kills herself while cursing Aeneas

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4
Q

Lavinium

A

Founded by Aeneas, named after his wife Lavinia

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5
Q

Ascanius

A

Aeneas son, he founded Alba Longa and changed his name to Iulus (Julius), other authors say Iulius was his son

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6
Q

Gaps in this story

A

The 400 year period between the trojan war was written as the time of Alban kings.

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7
Q

Mars and Rheas Silvia

A

Mars raped Rhea Silvia because of her beauty, which then after she birthed Romulus and Remus

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8
Q

Origins of Romulus and Remus

A

Romulus and Remus were put in a river which then led to the spot that became Rome, and then got the attention of a she wolf which had just given birth to cubs, the she wolf fed them,

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9
Q

Faustulus

A

A Sheppard led by mercury to take care of the twins, he and his wife adopted them,

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10
Q

Numator

A

Was Romulus and Remus grandfather, which the twins had met through Remus and his trial with Numator, during this trial Romulus defends Remus at which Numator recognizes them and then they pan to overthrow their evil uncle.

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11
Q

palatine

A

Romulus was more interested to Romes military defense and wanted to build romes foundation on the hil being the more central one

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12
Q

Aventine

A

Remus as more interested in trading and having the centre of rome being close to the river

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13
Q

The disagreement between the twins

A

Both agreed to perform animal sacrifices to the gods to determine what the best course of action is,

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14
Q

The fight over the trench

A

Romulus and Remus fought over romulus hill and romulus won, which then after he founded Rome on his hill naming it after himself

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15
Q

The Pomerium

A

The trench that Romulus built (everyithing within the pomerium is the city) entering the pomerium was punishable by death, there were only certain entry points (invisible line that separated the war rome from civilized rome), sperated romes military from its government.

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16
Q

Pomerium’s effect on Proconsul and proprietors (generals and governors)

A

Entering within the pomerium essentially turned them back in to private citizens, including solders and did not allow for weapons.

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17
Q

Rape of the Sabines

A

He allowed all banned men to come to Rome, he invited the tribe of sabine and then stole all of their women, these women then giving them protection from the tribe of sabine

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18
Q

the effect of Romulus story on the romans

A

They trace their lineage back to Vebus (Aeneas) and Mars (romulus)
They are a race of people conceived through violence
They are partly wild and untamed (suckled by a wolf)
They are bound by duty, law, and tradition (Remus should have known better)
Their origin is from outside of Italy (Troy), but mixed with local Italic people
Their civilization is as noble as Greece.

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19
Q

History viewed in History

A

History was viewed more as an art rather than actual facts, purpose was to glorify the past.

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20
Q

The volconal

A

Place lococated underground dedicated to the god vulcan, thought to be burial place of Romulus,

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21
Q

Lacus Curtius

A

Was once a lake, once it was struck by lighting it was made a holy site, because anything touched by lightning is touched by god. (sacrificial lake)

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22
Q

The Regia

A

Served as a house for the Roman king, but was changed after Rome became a republic it was used by the pontifex maximus, as well as other priests

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23
Q

Roman Gens

A

Means clan and names, Praenomen (Gaius) persnal name,
Nomen (Julius) Julian Clan,
Cognomen (Caesar) cut - refers to slef future heirs may use it too,

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24
Q

The Patricians

A

The highest social class in Rome,
Claimed descent from the clans who joined Romulus in founding Rome,
The heads of elders of the clans were the patres - fathers or elders of Rome,
They held high religious offices
Their power rested on their religious importance and supposed primacy

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25
Q

The Plebeians

A

the rest of the citizen men,
Some were rich, some were poor
They held high offices at first, but their power was slowly diminished by the Patricians

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26
Q

Social Hierarchy

A

Partricians,
Plebeians
Freedmen,
Slaves, children, non Romans

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27
Q

Roman Aristocrat requirements

A 
Good birth (part of a noble family)
Wealth
Excellence in Battle 
Excellence in civic affairs
Eloquence in speaking
Intelligence in council 
Physically imposing presence 
Physical beauty
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28
Q

Roman Virtues

A 
Fortitudo (bravery as well as moral excellence)
Gravitas (seriousness)
Serveritas (sternness or strictness - discipline of self and others)
Amicitia (friendship)
Industria (devotion to work)
Fides (faithdulness)
Prudentia (prudence, practical judgment)
Pietas (piety)
Gloria (glory, usually from success in battle)
Fama (reputation)
Dignitas (dignity)
Auctoritas (authority)
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29
Q

Virtues is made visible by

A

Performing well in public office
Providing excellent entertainment to the people
Successful command of armies
Generous distrobution of booty in war
Lavish gifts to the gods (temples, sacrifices, statues, etc.)
possession of a large following of friends and clients
Successful defense of clients in court
Gifts to friends, family, and clients

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30
Q

Mixed constitution of Rome

A

King
Senate (aristocrats)
Assembly (dominated by aristocrats)

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31
Q

Roman Kingship

A

Neither hereditary nor elected
The King was chosen by auspicium (determining the will of the gods by taking auspices)
Auspices were taking by patres, probably early senators from certain gentes (clans)
patres chose one of their memebers to serve as interrex for 5 days
This continued until a suitable candidate for king was found
The final interrex presented the chosen candidate to the comita curiata (Curiate Assembly) for confirmation

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32
Q

The Role of the king

A

Chief od state and supreme commander of the army
High priest
Power to make peace and war, and direct foreign affairs,
Conscript citizens into the army
Raise taxes
Distribute booty and land to soldiers and citizens
Lawmaker and judge

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33
Q

SPQR

A

Senatus, populus, que romanus ( the senate and the people of rome)

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34
Q

The senate

A

Appointed by the king from among his friends and other important people in the state
Composed of men from patrician class
Served as an advisory board to the king
Only gave advice when summoned by the king

35
Q

Populus

A

Citizens being able to bear arms

36
Q

Ramnes (tribe)

A

Latins or those with religious and political primacy (highest status)

37
Q

Tities (tribe)

A

Sabines or farmers

38
Q

Luceres (tribe)

A

Etruscans or warriors

39
Q

The curiate assembly function

A

In the assembly, they formed up as if in battle in their curiae.
They listened to the king as he presented changes in laws or policies, or proclomations of peace and war.
They attended the king during performance of religious duties.
They confirmed the appointed of new kings or priests.
They handled matters connected with private, rather than state, law.
Was replaced in the Rebublican Period by the comitia centuria.

40
Q

The death of the monarchy

A

Rome got rid of their king in 509 B.C, hatred of kings comes from Lucius Junius Brutus who had his friends wife raped by the kings son Sextus, then convinced everyone to rise up against Sextus Tarquinius and the king, when the king dies the Regal period of Rome ended

41
Q

Birth of the republic

A

the kings power is given to magistrates
Magistrates are from the most noble families
Monarchy becomes oligarchy

42
Q

Servian Tribes

A 
Four urban Tribes include 
Palantina
Esquilina
Collina
Suburbana
43
Q

Role of the Tribal Assembly

A

Elects curule aediles and quaestors
Votes on proposals made by a consul or praetor
Issues verdicts in trials

44
Q

Voting in tribal assembly

A

Each of the 35 tribes has one vote
Voting order of the tribes is determined by lot
Once a simple majority is reached, voting stops
Not all tribes may be called upon to vote

45
Q

Centuriate Assembly

A 
Men were assigned to centuries by the Censor
Declare war or make peace treaties
elect consuls (which led the army in war), praetors, and censors 
Hear citizens appeals on capital charges (those involving death penalty)
46
Q

Comitia Centuriata

A

the division of classes is based on wealth and rank in the army (cavalry, infantry)

47
Q

infra classem

A

“below those summoned”, those who could not afford armour
Anyone whose property was below 11,000 asses (as = 1 pound of copper) was exempt from service
Orphans, slaves, freedmen, and non-citizens were also exempt.

48
Q

Classis

A

“those summoned” those citizens who could afford their own armour

49
Q

The senate

A

Composed of Patricians
Only men over 60 (senex = old man)
Met only when summoned by a consul or praetor
Met only on sacred ground (temple)

50
Q

Role of Senate

A

Served as an advisory board for highest officials.
Later made decisions on religious matters, supervised public finances.
Also came to determine military assignments for consuls and praetors.

51
Q

Lictor

A

Officer who attends consuls or other magistrates.
A consul had 12 lictors accompanying him.
Carries the fasces.
Executes sentences on offenders.

52
Q

Fasces

A

Bundle of birch rods with an axe in the center.
Symbol of penal power.
The axe was removed when inside the pomerium.

53
Q

Auspicium

A

The right to consult the gods for approval of their actions through taking the auspices.

54
Q

Imperium

A

The power to command (divine right), which included the power to inflict punishment up to death (usually only while on military campaign)

55
Q

Consul

A

2 were elected each year by the Comitia Centuriata.
They led the army into battle and also made sacrifices and performed religious rites in the city.
They presided at meetings of the Assemblies and served judges.
They could summon the senate for meetings, and presided over it.
(age 43)

56
Q

praetor

A

Six were elected each year.
Acted in place of consuls in their absence.
They oversaw the law courts.
Presided over meeting of the assemblies
They could also summon the Senate for meetings.
(age 40)

57
Q

Aedile

A

4 were elected each year (2 curule, 2 plebeian).
They oversaw public works, temple maintenance, and markets in Rome.
Supervised festivals and spent lavishly from their own pockets.
(age 37)

58
Q

Plebian (aedile)

A

open only to Plebeians.
elected by the plebeian council.
supervised plebian.

59
Q

Curule

A

Open to patricians, and later also plebeians.
elected by the tribal assembly
supervised certain festivals other than those for plebeians.

60
Q

Quaestor

A

6 were elected each year.
They oversaw the treasury and public finance.
(age 30)

61
Q

Tribune of the plebs

A

10 were elected each year.
Only plebeians were eligible.
They presided over the council of the plebs.
Gave “auxilium (aid) to those in need.
Provided protection from abuse of magistrates.
The office was not part of the cursus honorum.

62
Q

Problems with offices

A

Offices were being held by a very small group of aristocrats.
Some men held multiple offices at once, or one office multiple times.
In 342, a tribune of the plebs (L. Genucius) passed a law forbidding this.
No man could hold more than one office at a time.
No man could hold and office more than once in 10 years.

63
Q

Census

A

Men declared their names, place of residence, property, and dependents.
Censors assigned them to centuries based on this, and the mans character.
The wealthiest were assigned to cavalry, the poorest to the proletarii.
The rest were sorted into categories based on wealth
This was the basis of the Centuriate Assembly (comita centuriata)
Character was also assessed - censor could place a note (nota) next to a mans name for misconduct.

64
Q

Proconsuls

A

Ex consuls.
Number and term varies over time.
Have same authority, but not title, of consuls outside Rome.
Often govern provinces as Rome expands.

65
Q

Dictator

A

Chosen by one of the consuls in emergency only.
Term is 6-month maximum
Outranks consuls
Commands army and state, appoints his own “magister equitum” or master of cavalry

66
Q

Early Religion

A

Italic peoples believed nature was inhabited by spirts.
Many gods have fertility roles, particularly agricultural.
Earth mother )fertility) and spirits, chthonic (underworld) deities (also fertility and regeneration).

67
Q

Protectors of the househod

A

Lares - ancestral spirts that guarantee fertility
Vesta, goddess of the hearth
Penates - protective divinities thatt ensured prosperity

68
Q

War cycle

A

March to October

69
Q

Agricultural and pastoral cycle

A

April to December

70
Q

Death and purification cycle

A

February (marked the last month of the year.)

71
Q

Jupiter Optimus maximus (best and greatest)

A

god of the sky and father of the gods, god of abundance.

72
Q

Juno

A

Wife of Jupiter, protector of women, goddess of marriage.

73
Q

Minerva

A

daughter of Jupiter, goddess of intelligence and spiritual activity, patron of arts and craftsmen

74
Q

Hierarchy of priests

A
  1. Pontifex maximus
  2. rex sacrorum - king of the sacred - priest of Janus from the Patrician order appointed for life
  3. flamines - priests of a single god, hierarchically ordered
  4. Vestal Virgins - priestesses of Vesta
  5. Augurs - interpreted auspices and omens
  6. Epulones - supervised sacrifices and sacred banquets
  7. other colleges and priesthoods of more minor importance
75
Q

Pontifices

A

Pontifex means bridge builder.
Highest office was Pontifex maximus.
He assumed kings duties as chief administrator of religious law.
This role was later taken over by Augustus and subsequent emperors.
By end of the Republic, there were 16 pontifices.
Also in the collegium were the rex sacrorum, flamines, and Vestal Virgins.

76
Q

Flamen Dialis

A

Flamen Dialis - the priest of Jupitor (highest office)

77
Q

Flamen Martialis

A

priest of Mars

78
Q

Flamen Quirinalis

A

priest of Quirinus

79
Q

Vestal virgins

A

Six women from noble families, chosen by the Pontifex Maximus.
Protected the flame that burned in the Tempe of Vesta.
Vowed to remain celibate during their service.
Served for 30 years, then retired and could marry.
Were not under the rule of their fathers.
Had place of honour at games and performances.

80
Q

Augurs

A

Took the auspices - signs sent by Jupiter.
this might involve observing the flights of birds, the feeding of sacred chickens.
Nothing of importance was done without consulting them.
Haruspices, Etruscan seers, interpreted lightning strikes and examined the entrails of sacrificed animals.

81
Q

Poor Plebs concerned with

A

debt, unfair laws, and land shortage.

82
Q

The wealthy plebs were upset with

A

marriage laws and being barred from higher offices and power.

83
Q

Plebeian Secessions

A

they withdrew from Rome to the Mons Sacer or to the Aventine Hill.
Shops and workshops closed, labour was withdrawn In war, soldiers abandoned their commanders.
They threatened to establish their own state.
happened 5 times in (494,449, 445, 342, 342, and 287 BCE.)

84
Q

The laws of twelve tables

A

The authors of the laws addressed aspects of marriage and divorce, inheritance, and the rights of a father over members of his household. They attempted to regulate disputes over the ownership of land and its boundaries, farm buildings and fences, livestock, fruit bearing trees, and slaves, as well as conflicts that arose over injuries to persons or property

Roman Civilization (12 decks)

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