Week 12 The Tetrarchs and the fall of Rome

Question 1

The Tetrachs

Answer 1

The crisis of the third century ended when Diocletian which then set up a tetrarchy meaning rule by four people. In one of their statues it shows all of them standing showing great harmony between them and they look very generalized wearing the same clothing, also showed similitudo making it seem that they have the same mind (propaganda)

Question 2

GAIUS AURELIUS VALERIUS DIOCLETIANUS

Answer 2

Choose the names of Aurelius and Valerius which they thought showed legitimacy, he wanted divide the rule with Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus as colleague to share responsibilities. His rule was stable and also tried to eradicate all Christians

Question 3

The two Augusti

Answer 3

Each man ruled over one half of the empire Diocletian was the emperor of the east and maximian was emperor of the west and it became permanent, they both choose successor which were also now called Caesar, Galerius, Constantius I (Chlorus) with these four rulers we now have the tetrarchy,

Question 4

The division

Answer 4

Thessalonica was home of Galerius, Byzantium was home of emperor Dioclectian, Mediolanum was home of Maximian, and Trier Home of Constantius

Question 5

The new rule

Answer 5

The two Augusti were to rule for 20 years and retire

The two Caesars were to step up to become Augusti at that time, and appoint two new Caesars

Question 6

DIOCLETIAN’S PALACE IN SPALATO (SPLIT) CROATIA

Answer 6

Diocletians retirement home in modern day croatia his hometown, it was really precurosr to a medieval castle or fort, it contained four walls has two gates , towers, a mausoleum,

Question 7

the mausoluem

Answer 7

Diocletian’s burial sight, which was converted in to a church, inside it was covered with mosaics and reliefs, put most of them were ripped out excpet fot he putii,

Question 8

Baths of Diocletian

Answer 8

He built the largest baths complex in Rome ever, many monuments of Rome survived because they were turned in to churches, It was symmetrical, had a natatio, frigid arium, two peristyles and many other smaller rooms, it also contained a theater and two libraries.

Question 9

Maxentius son of Maximian

Answer 9

saw himself as emperor and was ambitious and wanted to bring the empire together, he had a rival named Constantine

Question 10

Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine

Answer 10

Maxentius wanted to make Rome the administrative center of the empire where he built his basilica, instead of having isles down the basilica he had rooms , saint peters basilica was modelled after Maxentius, another large difference in this basilica was a massive tribunal which contained statue of the emperor overlooking the building,

Question 11

The battle of Milvian Bridge

Answer 11

the outcome of this battle decided the religious nature of the roman empire, Maxieitus was able to bribe enemy armies to defend Rome frome Servenus and Galerius, in the north Constantine brought an army to Italy and won two battles in the north, he then set up camp outside of Rome and a key event played out, apparently Constantine say a sign in the sky that showed him Christ’s name he then commanded his troops to paint this sign on their shields, Maxentius left the walls of Rome and fight Constatnine, Maxentius had about 100000 men while Constantine had 30000,, On the morning of the battle both armies had their backs to the river, Maximius spread his forces out and stayed in the back while Constantine formed his army in a similar way but was the front with his cavalry to his back, Constatntine hiimself started the battle and immediately routed the enemy and then his center went in, Constatnines right calalry was able to rout the other enemy calalry was also retreated, Now maentius was retreating with the rest of his army and deowned in the tibre river but where then spared by Constantine, Constantine then claimed the whole west for himself, When Licinius was persecuting Christians in the his part of the empire Constantine marched in and killed licinius reuniting the empire, From this point Rome was to become and increasingly Christian realm,

Question 12

Constantine

Answer 12

When his father was killed, his soldiers declared Constantine as emperor, while he did not proclaim to be a Christian he still worshipped sol Invictus, which was basically the god of the sun which had a halo, he made Christianity legal, he gave the church vast power,

Question 13

Constatine and Christianity

Answer 13

His mother had become a Christian and he made the
religion legal

He stopped all persecution of Christians and allowed
them free worship

He built Christian churches over the tombs of martyred saints

He claimed to be the spokes person of the Christian guard,

Question 14

Constantine’s Portraits

Answer 14

He had large eyes, textured hair, did not wear a beard, was not scowling, looked like he was thinking, and looks confident in his abilities, He also had massive statues, moved the capital of the empire to Byzantium and called it Constantinople closer to the holy land,

Question 15

Old st. Peters Basilica (320 - 320)

Answer 15

No vaulting.
Flat timber ceiling
Nave defined by columns
Focal point was altar
Very much like Basilica Ulpia

During the renaissance it was completely overhauled, the papal alter never moved,

Question 16

St. Giovanni Laterano

Answer 16

The oldest church and basilica in Rome, rumored to be where Constantine was baptized, had a place for full immersion baptism, in the church it shows Constantine winning the battle of milivia and was built after his death

Question 17

The arch of Constantine

Answer 17

An arch to commemorate The Battle of Milvian Bridge

This was a civil war, not a conquest of an enemy

Was a different type of triumph did not show romans strangling romans, he used bits of other arches, he used some of Trajan, Hadrian and Marcus Aurelius, On the top south side it shows the emperor returning to Rome and interrogating a German, We also see the sacrifice of the sheep and bull, in the middle there is a message to declare Constantine greatness but also displayed his loyalty to both the Christian and roman gods, Constantine shows that he ended civil war and brought peace to the empire, he displayed the dacians as enemies, It also shows roman gods to display the eternity of Rome, also shows the classical Greek style compared to the romans style,

Question 18

ORATIO FRIEZE

Answer 18

Heads are focal point
Poses stiff and monotonous
Drapery flat and stylized
Faces turn, but heads parallel in lines

Taking place on Rome with the group in front of Basilica Julia, Arch of Tiberius, Decennalia monument, and arch of Septimius of Severus.

Question 19

DONATIO

Answer 19

First official act of a new emperor: he gives out money to the people to show his generosity, poses are super unnatural with proportions out of place.

Question 20

The fall of the Rome

Answer 20

The preexisting problems that existed were the size of the army and its cost, the large population of Rome and the barbarian invasions, Aloric was looting land in but was then given an imperial title to stop as well as land, but aloric wanted to be closer to Rome, Rome was then eventually sacked by Aloric but left most of the churches stand, a loy of buildings were damaged but it now showed that Rome could be conquered, Britannia was lossed becaue of lack of care, The empire then fought other barbarian groups and aslo giving them land, the issue was most people thought it was alright, but more and more barbarians wanted more land, The huns had been pushing west for years now and eventually added on to the other babarian invasions, also capturing carthage, this caused Rome to loose tax revenue which intern led to a smaller and less financed army, Upon Valentinians death Rome lost a lot of territory, eventually the throne was left vacant and it is considered the end of the western roman empire, the city would not recover until the 19th century, many weaknesses were attributed to the fall of Rome.